Protein secretion and surface display in Gram
... AND ITS ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES The peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria is much thicker than that of Gram-negative microbes; in some cases, it can be 50– 100 nm in diameter [48]. Cell wall envelopes can be isolated by first physically breaking cells with glass or aluminium beads and then pur ...
... AND ITS ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES The peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria is much thicker than that of Gram-negative microbes; in some cases, it can be 50– 100 nm in diameter [48]. Cell wall envelopes can be isolated by first physically breaking cells with glass or aluminium beads and then pur ...
Mitochondrial behaviour throughout the lytic cycle of Toxoplasma
... Homologs of this protein are only found in organisms from the Alveolata group (that includes within it the phylum Apicomplexa to which T. gondii belongs). No functional domains are predicted; however a lipid attachment site is predicted at the N-terminus (http://prosite.expasy.org/PS51257) that sugg ...
... Homologs of this protein are only found in organisms from the Alveolata group (that includes within it the phylum Apicomplexa to which T. gondii belongs). No functional domains are predicted; however a lipid attachment site is predicted at the N-terminus (http://prosite.expasy.org/PS51257) that sugg ...
Archaea Topics in Biodiversity
... Some Haloarchaea undergo phenotypic switching and grow as several different cell types, including thick-walled structures that are highly resistant to osmotic shock. These thickened walls permit survival under hyposaline (low salt) circumstances, but these alternative phenotypes are not actual repro ...
... Some Haloarchaea undergo phenotypic switching and grow as several different cell types, including thick-walled structures that are highly resistant to osmotic shock. These thickened walls permit survival under hyposaline (low salt) circumstances, but these alternative phenotypes are not actual repro ...
Cell Division Activity during Apical Hook
... understand how cell division contributes to differential growth, four different parts of the hook were defined (apical [a], basal [b], inner [i], and outer [o]; Figure 2A), and the number of subepidermal cells in each part was counted. The major difference in cell number was found between apical and ...
... understand how cell division contributes to differential growth, four different parts of the hook were defined (apical [a], basal [b], inner [i], and outer [o]; Figure 2A), and the number of subepidermal cells in each part was counted. The major difference in cell number was found between apical and ...
ZAMZAMI N, KROEMER G, 2001. The mitochondrion in apoptosis
... including the apoptosis-specific activation of caspases. • MMP is a more accurate predictive parameter for cell death than caspase activation (which often is not required for cell death to occur and, in contrast, may also participate in positive signalling). • Many pro-apoptotic proteins and second ...
... including the apoptosis-specific activation of caspases. • MMP is a more accurate predictive parameter for cell death than caspase activation (which often is not required for cell death to occur and, in contrast, may also participate in positive signalling). • Many pro-apoptotic proteins and second ...
The Golgi-Localized Arabidopsis Endomembrane
... Endomembrane proteins (EMPs) belong to a family of integral membrane proteins with nine TMDs, a large lumenal N terminus, and a short (10 to 17 amino acids) C terminus located in the cytosol. Three EMP members are found in Dictyostelium discoideum (Phg1A to Phg1C) (Cornillon et al., 2000) and Saccha ...
... Endomembrane proteins (EMPs) belong to a family of integral membrane proteins with nine TMDs, a large lumenal N terminus, and a short (10 to 17 amino acids) C terminus located in the cytosol. Three EMP members are found in Dictyostelium discoideum (Phg1A to Phg1C) (Cornillon et al., 2000) and Saccha ...
1 Cell wall integrity controls root elongation via ACC Corresponding
... Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), or with silver ions (as silver thiosulfate) to block ethylene perception. While silver had no significant effect on cell length in control or isoxaben-treated roots, AVG fully restored elongation in the presence of isoxaben (Fig. 2A). Often roots treated with both isox ...
... Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), or with silver ions (as silver thiosulfate) to block ethylene perception. While silver had no significant effect on cell length in control or isoxaben-treated roots, AVG fully restored elongation in the presence of isoxaben (Fig. 2A). Often roots treated with both isox ...
Sucrose Cleavage Pathways in Aspen Wood
... showed the localization of SUS in cytosol, mitochondria and nuclei (Subbaiah et al., 2006). In another example, co-immuno-detection of Arabidopsis SUS2 and E37 which is a polypeptide of the inner plastid envelope showed SUS association with plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana embryo, endosperm and seed ...
... showed the localization of SUS in cytosol, mitochondria and nuclei (Subbaiah et al., 2006). In another example, co-immuno-detection of Arabidopsis SUS2 and E37 which is a polypeptide of the inner plastid envelope showed SUS association with plastids of Arabidopsis thaliana embryo, endosperm and seed ...
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... Accessory cells, which include glia and other cell types that develop in close association with neurons, have been shown to play key roles in regulating neuron development. However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. A particularly intimate association between ...
... Accessory cells, which include glia and other cell types that develop in close association with neurons, have been shown to play key roles in regulating neuron development. However, the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. A particularly intimate association between ...
Biofuel cells and their development - ePrints Soton
... 1.3.4. Method of electron transfer between reaction site and electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bioelectrochemical cells involving a whole organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
... 1.3.4. Method of electron transfer between reaction site and electrode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bioelectrochemical cells involving a whole organism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...
Regulation of cdk2 Activity in Endothelial Cells That Are Inhibited
... EC proliferation is regulated by soluble growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF),1,29 as well insoluble components of the extracellular matrix.30 It has been shown that in vitro stimulation of EC proliferation by both VEGF and bFGF ...
... EC proliferation is regulated by soluble growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF),1,29 as well insoluble components of the extracellular matrix.30 It has been shown that in vitro stimulation of EC proliferation by both VEGF and bFGF ...
Actin-based motility of endosomes is linked to the polar tip growth of
... to endocytic compartments in plants. To this end, the FYVE domain from the mouse Hrs protein was tandemly fused (Gillooly et al., 2000) to the C-terminus of GFP or DsRedT4, respectively. Particle bombardment was employed to transiently express the fusion proteins (GFP-FYVE; DsRed-FYVE) in onion epid ...
... to endocytic compartments in plants. To this end, the FYVE domain from the mouse Hrs protein was tandemly fused (Gillooly et al., 2000) to the C-terminus of GFP or DsRedT4, respectively. Particle bombardment was employed to transiently express the fusion proteins (GFP-FYVE; DsRed-FYVE) in onion epid ...
Characterization of CIC transporter proteins Moradi, Hossein
... proteins into the membrane. These proteins have a hydrophobic surface, which allow interaction with, and thus insertion into, the lipophilic membrane. Internally they either contain a hydrophilic pore or a hydrophilic pathway, which allows the passage of the solutes. These pores can be highly specif ...
... proteins into the membrane. These proteins have a hydrophobic surface, which allow interaction with, and thus insertion into, the lipophilic membrane. Internally they either contain a hydrophilic pore or a hydrophilic pathway, which allows the passage of the solutes. These pores can be highly specif ...
processing of defensive pigment in aplysia californica: acquisition
... found within the large digestive vacuoles of this cell. storage material and calcium carbonate. Immunogold localization showed that there was a The following model is consistent with our observations: statistically significant occurrence of the red algal red algal rhodoplasts are freed from algal ce ...
... found within the large digestive vacuoles of this cell. storage material and calcium carbonate. Immunogold localization showed that there was a The following model is consistent with our observations: statistically significant occurrence of the red algal red algal rhodoplasts are freed from algal ce ...
Cytomechanical properties of papaver pollen tubes are altered after
... regions are characterized by thick, longitudinally arranged bundles of actin filaments that are responsible for bulk organelle transport. In these regions, large organelles and smaller vesicles were rapidly transported toward the growing apex. In the apical area 10–20 mm from the apex, movement of t ...
... regions are characterized by thick, longitudinally arranged bundles of actin filaments that are responsible for bulk organelle transport. In these regions, large organelles and smaller vesicles were rapidly transported toward the growing apex. In the apical area 10–20 mm from the apex, movement of t ...
The zebrafish midblastula transition - Development
... Schubiger, 1992) and indirectly for zebrafish (Marrable, 1965). Many embryos do show global metasynchrony, occurring well before cycle 10 (data not shown). However, metasynchrony is invisible in the small blastoderm volume that we examined in this study. As we document below, cells with different cy ...
... Schubiger, 1992) and indirectly for zebrafish (Marrable, 1965). Many embryos do show global metasynchrony, occurring well before cycle 10 (data not shown). However, metasynchrony is invisible in the small blastoderm volume that we examined in this study. As we document below, cells with different cy ...
Sarcomere assembly in C. elegans muscle
... more subtle requirements for proper attachment assembly than gross recruitment, as we describe in more detail below. The first protein to consider is UNC-52/perlecan, which is found in the basement membrane between the body wall muscle cells and the hypodermis, and is concentrated at muscle cell den ...
... more subtle requirements for proper attachment assembly than gross recruitment, as we describe in more detail below. The first protein to consider is UNC-52/perlecan, which is found in the basement membrane between the body wall muscle cells and the hypodermis, and is concentrated at muscle cell den ...
Expip is a cargo adaptor for Sec24p ... export the plasma membrane H+ ATPase from the
... Overview of the secretory pathway Translocation into the ER Cargo proteins of the secretory pathway enter the pathway at the ER, the surface of which is coated with ribosomes that allow coupling of protein translation with translocation into the ER. As newly synthesized proteins emerge from the rib ...
... Overview of the secretory pathway Translocation into the ER Cargo proteins of the secretory pathway enter the pathway at the ER, the surface of which is coated with ribosomes that allow coupling of protein translation with translocation into the ER. As newly synthesized proteins emerge from the rib ...
Receptor-mediated sorting of soluble vacuolar proteins: myths, facts
... Abstract To prevent their being released to the cell exterior, acid hydrolases are recognized by receptors at some point in the secretory pathway and diverted towards the lytic compartment of the cell (lysosome or vacuole). In animal cells, the receptor is called the mannosyl 6-phosphate receptor (M ...
... Abstract To prevent their being released to the cell exterior, acid hydrolases are recognized by receptors at some point in the secretory pathway and diverted towards the lytic compartment of the cell (lysosome or vacuole). In animal cells, the receptor is called the mannosyl 6-phosphate receptor (M ...
Chemical genetics discloses the importance of heme
... Chlamydiae are completely dependent on adhesion and invasion of the mammalian host cell for intracellular propagation and subsequent spreading. Multiple chlamydial surface exposed factors have been suggested to mediate adhesion to the host cell, e.g., the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), OmcB, h ...
... Chlamydiae are completely dependent on adhesion and invasion of the mammalian host cell for intracellular propagation and subsequent spreading. Multiple chlamydial surface exposed factors have been suggested to mediate adhesion to the host cell, e.g., the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), OmcB, h ...
Only a subset of the binary cell fate decisions
... The numbSW allele was isolated through an F1 revertant screen of the P-element-induced numb1 allele. Dysgenic males of the genotype numb1 /CyO; Dr ∆ 2-3/+ were crossed to numb2 pr cn Elp/CyO females. The F1 Cy+ progeny were collected and examined for abnormal sensory bristle phenotypes on the fly no ...
... The numbSW allele was isolated through an F1 revertant screen of the P-element-induced numb1 allele. Dysgenic males of the genotype numb1 /CyO; Dr ∆ 2-3/+ were crossed to numb2 pr cn Elp/CyO females. The F1 Cy+ progeny were collected and examined for abnormal sensory bristle phenotypes on the fly no ...
Electrospun aniline-tetramer-co-polycaprolactone fibers for
... scaffolds by restricting conjugation to oligomers of 4 to 8 repeating units.[16,17] Oligomers provide a versatile route for customized, end-functionalized units with tuneable solubility and processability[18] that allow for significantly enhanced freedom and flexibility with respect to scaffold design ...
... scaffolds by restricting conjugation to oligomers of 4 to 8 repeating units.[16,17] Oligomers provide a versatile route for customized, end-functionalized units with tuneable solubility and processability[18] that allow for significantly enhanced freedom and flexibility with respect to scaffold design ...
Size, shape, and arrangement of native cellulose fibrils in maize cell
... contain only cellulose. The microfibril as a morphological unit often observed by microscopy may contain a single CEF or a small macrofibril, in both cases associated with hemicelluloses (Ding and Himmel 2006). Cellulose has been investigated for more than a 100 years. Most investigations of cellulo ...
... contain only cellulose. The microfibril as a morphological unit often observed by microscopy may contain a single CEF or a small macrofibril, in both cases associated with hemicelluloses (Ding and Himmel 2006). Cellulose has been investigated for more than a 100 years. Most investigations of cellulo ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.