Cellulose orientation determines mechanical anisotropy in onion
... these tissues were determined. It was demonstrated for the first time for higher plants that a net parallel orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the onion epidermis wall coincided with a high mechanical anisotropy. In contrast, the Kalanchoë epidermis had a random net orientation of microfibril ...
... these tissues were determined. It was demonstrated for the first time for higher plants that a net parallel orientation of cellulose microfibrils in the onion epidermis wall coincided with a high mechanical anisotropy. In contrast, the Kalanchoë epidermis had a random net orientation of microfibril ...
Neuronal polarity: from extracellular signals to
... terminals in response to electrical signals from the cell body. Dendrites, especially dendritic spines, contain receptors for these neurotransmitters, as well as organelles and signalling systems3. These two distinct cellular structures are fundamental for neuronal function, as they enable neurons t ...
... terminals in response to electrical signals from the cell body. Dendrites, especially dendritic spines, contain receptors for these neurotransmitters, as well as organelles and signalling systems3. These two distinct cellular structures are fundamental for neuronal function, as they enable neurons t ...
12 Autophagy as a defence against intracellular pathogens
... by autophagy is linked to the exposure of DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). DAMPs are cell-derived molecules that generate ‘danger’ signals when they are displaced following cell stress or damage. Damage signals can be generated when ...
... by autophagy is linked to the exposure of DAMPs (damage-associated molecular patterns) and/or PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns). DAMPs are cell-derived molecules that generate ‘danger’ signals when they are displaced following cell stress or damage. Damage signals can be generated when ...
ZO-3, a Novel Member of the MAGUK Protein Family Found at the
... boundary between the compositionally distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial and endothelial cells. The molecular configuration of the tight junction has generated considerable interest in the last decade. Actin filaments (17, 29) and the peripheral membrane proteins ZO ...
... boundary between the compositionally distinct apical and basolateral plasma membrane domains of epithelial and endothelial cells. The molecular configuration of the tight junction has generated considerable interest in the last decade. Actin filaments (17, 29) and the peripheral membrane proteins ZO ...
Chara Myosin and the Energy of Cytoplasmic Streaming
... ATP s1 l1. The concentration of ATP in the Chara cell is around 5 mM at best and it would be depleted in less than a couple of minutes if a considerable amount of ATP were not supplied by metabolic reaction and photosynthesis. Actually, when we mixed 50 nM recombinant Chara myosin with 4 mM ATP in ...
... ATP s1 l1. The concentration of ATP in the Chara cell is around 5 mM at best and it would be depleted in less than a couple of minutes if a considerable amount of ATP were not supplied by metabolic reaction and photosynthesis. Actually, when we mixed 50 nM recombinant Chara myosin with 4 mM ATP in ...
Handout
... • Actin-nucleating factors accelerate polymerization and generate branched or straight filaments. • Actin filament-binding proteins alter filament dynamics. • Severing proteins regulate actin filament depolymerization. • Higher-order actin filament arrays influence cellular mechanical properties ...
... • Actin-nucleating factors accelerate polymerization and generate branched or straight filaments. • Actin filament-binding proteins alter filament dynamics. • Severing proteins regulate actin filament depolymerization. • Higher-order actin filament arrays influence cellular mechanical properties ...
The unique proline-rich domain of parotid proline
... tG and PROPTH-tG The cDNA for tG was a gift from Dr J. Rose and was cloned into the pLEN expression vector (Neufeld et al., 1987). The signal and propeptide sequences of preproPTH with added 5′ SalI and 3′ HindIII sites were synthesized by PCR, inserted into pBluescript, and the primary structure wa ...
... tG and PROPTH-tG The cDNA for tG was a gift from Dr J. Rose and was cloned into the pLEN expression vector (Neufeld et al., 1987). The signal and propeptide sequences of preproPTH with added 5′ SalI and 3′ HindIII sites were synthesized by PCR, inserted into pBluescript, and the primary structure wa ...
Distinct cathepsins control necrotic cell death
... most attention has focused on apoptotic cell death, recent evidence suggests that necrotic, like apoptotic cell death is a highly regulated process.3,7,13,18,22,34 Unlike apoptotic cells, necrotic cells have a compromised plasma membrane, which leads to the leakage of cellular components, such as ur ...
... most attention has focused on apoptotic cell death, recent evidence suggests that necrotic, like apoptotic cell death is a highly regulated process.3,7,13,18,22,34 Unlike apoptotic cells, necrotic cells have a compromised plasma membrane, which leads to the leakage of cellular components, such as ur ...
PROTEIN DEPHOSPHORYLATION AND THE INTRACELLULAR
... (see Section 3.2.2). Together, these findings led to the idea that the hyperphosphorylation often associated with malignant transformation may be, at least in part, due to phosphatase inhibition (reviewed in (44)). ...
... (see Section 3.2.2). Together, these findings led to the idea that the hyperphosphorylation often associated with malignant transformation may be, at least in part, due to phosphatase inhibition (reviewed in (44)). ...
The Cortical Microtubule Array: From Dynamics to
... regulated changes of their assembly dynamics. The direct regulation of microtubule assembly dynamics typically is achieved through the activity of MAPs; therefore, a key objective is to understand the mechanisms that regulate MAP activity and how these mechanisms are triggered in response to develop ...
... regulated changes of their assembly dynamics. The direct regulation of microtubule assembly dynamics typically is achieved through the activity of MAPs; therefore, a key objective is to understand the mechanisms that regulate MAP activity and how these mechanisms are triggered in response to develop ...
Not Every Disulfide Lasts Forever: Disulfide Bond
... thus, their distribution within the cell is quite uneven. Disulfide bond formation is rather rare within the reducing environment of the cytosol. In contrast, oxidation of cysteines to disulfide bonds is favored in compartments with an oxidizing environment, such as the periplasm in procaryotes or t ...
... thus, their distribution within the cell is quite uneven. Disulfide bond formation is rather rare within the reducing environment of the cytosol. In contrast, oxidation of cysteines to disulfide bonds is favored in compartments with an oxidizing environment, such as the periplasm in procaryotes or t ...
Physiological implications of the regulation of vacuolar
... Intracellular V-ATPases are important for receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular trafficking, protein processing and degradation, coupled transport of small molecules and ions, and the entry of various pathogens into cells (4). An important model for the study of intracellular organelle H-A ...
... Intracellular V-ATPases are important for receptor-mediated endocytosis and intracellular trafficking, protein processing and degradation, coupled transport of small molecules and ions, and the entry of various pathogens into cells (4). An important model for the study of intracellular organelle H-A ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation of Ricin A Chain
... located in exposed surface loops in the crystal structure of pokeweed antiviral protein (Monzingo et al., 1993), a type I ribosome-inactivating protein structurally homologous to RTA but characterized by a high Lys content. Since RTA expression was known to be toxic to plant cells (Frigerio et al., ...
... located in exposed surface loops in the crystal structure of pokeweed antiviral protein (Monzingo et al., 1993), a type I ribosome-inactivating protein structurally homologous to RTA but characterized by a high Lys content. Since RTA expression was known to be toxic to plant cells (Frigerio et al., ...
Evolutionary Novelties: How Fish Have Built a Heater Out of Muscle1
... and the SR calcium release channel. In vertebrate skeletal muscle, contraction and relaxation are regulated by the cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which in turn is controlled by the SR and T tubule membranes. The SR of skeletal muscle is a highly organized intracellular membrane system that plays ...
... and the SR calcium release channel. In vertebrate skeletal muscle, contraction and relaxation are regulated by the cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which in turn is controlled by the SR and T tubule membranes. The SR of skeletal muscle is a highly organized intracellular membrane system that plays ...
GFP is the way to glow: bioimaging of the plant endomembrane
... and microfilaments labelled with fluorescent proteins. 2.3. Golgi imaging in vivo Studies on the dynamics of the plant Golgi are relatively young in comparison with their mammalian counterparts, due to the absence of genuine plant Golgi enzymes to be fused to GFP and used as in vivo markers. The fir ...
... and microfilaments labelled with fluorescent proteins. 2.3. Golgi imaging in vivo Studies on the dynamics of the plant Golgi are relatively young in comparison with their mammalian counterparts, due to the absence of genuine plant Golgi enzymes to be fused to GFP and used as in vivo markers. The fir ...
RETINOBLASTOMA RELATED1 Regulates
... thus directly linking cell proliferation with differentiation. This mechanism allows the implementation of spatial information, in the form of high kinase activity, with intracellular gating of developmental decisions. ...
... thus directly linking cell proliferation with differentiation. This mechanism allows the implementation of spatial information, in the form of high kinase activity, with intracellular gating of developmental decisions. ...
microcircuitry of bipolar cells in cat retina1
... not determined quantitatively, though, for any type. Also, since the method requiresaccumulating cells at different eccentricities and from different retinas, it is unknown how regular the features of a particular type might be and whether all types are present at every point in the retina. We have ...
... not determined quantitatively, though, for any type. Also, since the method requiresaccumulating cells at different eccentricities and from different retinas, it is unknown how regular the features of a particular type might be and whether all types are present at every point in the retina. We have ...
Synthesis and sorting of proteoglycans
... Particular sulphation patterns in the GAG chains allow interactions, normally of ionic nature, with growth factors, for example. Recent studies have identified ~30 PG protein cores. These cores are not just scaffolds for GAGs: they contain domains that have particular biological activities (Iozzo, 1 ...
... Particular sulphation patterns in the GAG chains allow interactions, normally of ionic nature, with growth factors, for example. Recent studies have identified ~30 PG protein cores. These cores are not just scaffolds for GAGs: they contain domains that have particular biological activities (Iozzo, 1 ...
Gene Section MAPRE1 (Microtubule-associated protein, RP/EB family, member 1)
... applied when the protein was found to target to microtubule plus ends. ...
... applied when the protein was found to target to microtubule plus ends. ...
Development
... medium containing 2% agarose and supplemented with 2% maltose as osmoticum 2-3 hours prior to microprojectile treatment. The microtargeting accelerator was a modified version (Gisel et al., 1996). Microtargeting was performed at 70 bar pressure with a load of 60 nl suspension per shot containing app ...
... medium containing 2% agarose and supplemented with 2% maltose as osmoticum 2-3 hours prior to microprojectile treatment. The microtargeting accelerator was a modified version (Gisel et al., 1996). Microtargeting was performed at 70 bar pressure with a load of 60 nl suspension per shot containing app ...
Membrane lipids and gill Na+/K+-ATPase in eel
... there is significant enrichment of basolateral membranes in the final membrane fraction and, second, the degree of enrichment is similar for membranes prepared from both freshwater- and seawater-acclimated animals. Enrichment factors for γ-GT are similar to those for Na+/K+-ATPase. The mitochondrial ...
... there is significant enrichment of basolateral membranes in the final membrane fraction and, second, the degree of enrichment is similar for membranes prepared from both freshwater- and seawater-acclimated animals. Enrichment factors for γ-GT are similar to those for Na+/K+-ATPase. The mitochondrial ...
Accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and cardiomyopathy in LAMP
... cytoplasmic proteins (Fig. 4g). LAMP-2-deficient mice had a significantly increased ratio of heart weight (blotted dry) to body weight (0.51 6 0.02% versus 0.82 6 0.06%, P , 0.01), which may be secondary to an insufficient contractile function of heart muscle. The contractile function of heart muscl ...
... cytoplasmic proteins (Fig. 4g). LAMP-2-deficient mice had a significantly increased ratio of heart weight (blotted dry) to body weight (0.51 6 0.02% versus 0.82 6 0.06%, P , 0.01), which may be secondary to an insufficient contractile function of heart muscle. The contractile function of heart muscl ...
NADPH oxidases as electrochemical generators to produce ion
... propelling protons and other ions across the plasma membrane. The contention is that the primary function of the NOXs is to supply the driving force to transport ions, the nature of which will depend upon the composition and characteristics of the local ion channels, to undertake a host of diverse f ...
... propelling protons and other ions across the plasma membrane. The contention is that the primary function of the NOXs is to supply the driving force to transport ions, the nature of which will depend upon the composition and characteristics of the local ion channels, to undertake a host of diverse f ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.