Fig. 1 - The Journal of Cell Biology
... Tim23 pore. A surprising and still unresolved observation is that a loss of Tim50 leads to robust import defects for matrix proteins, but has a much lesser effect on precursors sorted into the inner membrane (Geissler et al., 2002). To assess the function of Tim50 in protein transport, we isolated m ...
... Tim23 pore. A surprising and still unresolved observation is that a loss of Tim50 leads to robust import defects for matrix proteins, but has a much lesser effect on precursors sorted into the inner membrane (Geissler et al., 2002). To assess the function of Tim50 in protein transport, we isolated m ...
Actin Cytoskeleton in Plants: From Transport Networks to Signaling
... population (discussed in McKinney and Meagher, 1998). As of now, four plant actin binding proteins (ABPs) have been identified on a gene level, including myosins, profilin, ADF (actin depolymerizing factor), and fimbrin. Besides binding sites for actin, all of them possess binding capacities for sev ...
... population (discussed in McKinney and Meagher, 1998). As of now, four plant actin binding proteins (ABPs) have been identified on a gene level, including myosins, profilin, ADF (actin depolymerizing factor), and fimbrin. Besides binding sites for actin, all of them possess binding capacities for sev ...
Functional Utrastructure of Genlisea (Lentibulariaceae) Digestive
... The cylindrical basal cell is laterally linked with epidermal cells, and below with parenchyma cells. In some hairs the basal cell is in direct contact with a tracheary element. It is highly vacuolated; the cytoplasm with organelles is concentrated towards the middle cell. The middle cell is more or ...
... The cylindrical basal cell is laterally linked with epidermal cells, and below with parenchyma cells. In some hairs the basal cell is in direct contact with a tracheary element. It is highly vacuolated; the cytoplasm with organelles is concentrated towards the middle cell. The middle cell is more or ...
Growth Control and Cell Wall Signaling in Plants
... resonance data further confirmed in situ interactions between cellulose and pectin and showed that pectin and XG mechanically behave as a single entity (54), perhaps through covalent pectin-XG links (139). In addition to the polysaccharide network, structural proteins also play an important role in c ...
... resonance data further confirmed in situ interactions between cellulose and pectin and showed that pectin and XG mechanically behave as a single entity (54), perhaps through covalent pectin-XG links (139). In addition to the polysaccharide network, structural proteins also play an important role in c ...
A cell wall reference profile for Miscanthus bioenergy crops
... walls that are distinct from those found in other plant taxa. In addition to lignin, these cell walls contain high percentages of cellulose (microfibrillar 1?4-b-glucan), low percentages of xyloglucan (XG; 1?4-b-glucan substituted by xylosyl residues), mixedlinkage 1?3, 1?4-b-glucan (MLG), and a hig ...
... walls that are distinct from those found in other plant taxa. In addition to lignin, these cell walls contain high percentages of cellulose (microfibrillar 1?4-b-glucan), low percentages of xyloglucan (XG; 1?4-b-glucan substituted by xylosyl residues), mixedlinkage 1?3, 1?4-b-glucan (MLG), and a hig ...
PDF Datastream - Brown Digital Repository
... RsaA- using Q-TOF or LTQ-Orbitrap……………………...............................................81 Figure 3.8: Functional classification of total 91 putative surface-exposed proteins identified using both Q-TOF and LTQ-Orbitrap method..................................................82 Figure 3.9: Distribu ...
... RsaA- using Q-TOF or LTQ-Orbitrap……………………...............................................81 Figure 3.8: Functional classification of total 91 putative surface-exposed proteins identified using both Q-TOF and LTQ-Orbitrap method..................................................82 Figure 3.9: Distribu ...
the diversity of plastid - University of Wisconsin Oshkosh
... enough information to code for about 100 of their approximately 2,500 proteins; all other plastid proteins are coded for by the nuclear genome and imported from the cytoplasm. Plastids divide via fission prior to cytokinesis and are equally apportioned between the two daughter cells, along with the ...
... enough information to code for about 100 of their approximately 2,500 proteins; all other plastid proteins are coded for by the nuclear genome and imported from the cytoplasm. Plastids divide via fission prior to cytokinesis and are equally apportioned between the two daughter cells, along with the ...
From the regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis to bacterial growth
... Peptidoglycan cleavage is also required for reductive cell division and cell separation. E. coli has at least 13 periplasmic peptidoglycan hydrolases (autolysins), which can collectively cleave almost any glycoside and amide bond16 (FIG. 1). Studies in a range of bacteria have indicated that hydrola ...
... Peptidoglycan cleavage is also required for reductive cell division and cell separation. E. coli has at least 13 periplasmic peptidoglycan hydrolases (autolysins), which can collectively cleave almost any glycoside and amide bond16 (FIG. 1). Studies in a range of bacteria have indicated that hydrola ...
Connection of the Mitochondrial Outer and Inner Membranes by
... in the matrix space, as was first suggested by Hales and Fuller (1997). (b) Alternatively, the hydrophobic region could span the mitochondrial outer membrane twice, and the COOH-terminal domain would thus face the cytosol. (c) If there is only one transmembrane domain, the COOH-terminal end of Fzo1 ...
... in the matrix space, as was first suggested by Hales and Fuller (1997). (b) Alternatively, the hydrophobic region could span the mitochondrial outer membrane twice, and the COOH-terminal domain would thus face the cytosol. (c) If there is only one transmembrane domain, the COOH-terminal end of Fzo1 ...
Leaf growth in grasses is determined by the cell division and
... Fricke and Peters 2002). Normally, under saline conditions, low osmotic potentials of the soil solution induce water deficit in plant tissues and, as a consequence, cell turgor pressure decreases. However, the lack of a negative effect in some locations of the growing zone may derive from a suffici ...
... Fricke and Peters 2002). Normally, under saline conditions, low osmotic potentials of the soil solution induce water deficit in plant tissues and, as a consequence, cell turgor pressure decreases. However, the lack of a negative effect in some locations of the growing zone may derive from a suffici ...
Inhibition of Target of Rapamycin Signaling and
... vacuole membrane, and the remaining vesicle, known as the autophagic body, is finally released to the vacuole for its degradation (Xie and Klionsky, 2007). The evolutionary conservation of autophagy among eukaryotes indicates that structural and regulatory components of this cellular process must be ...
... vacuole membrane, and the remaining vesicle, known as the autophagic body, is finally released to the vacuole for its degradation (Xie and Klionsky, 2007). The evolutionary conservation of autophagy among eukaryotes indicates that structural and regulatory components of this cellular process must be ...
Tansley review - Professor Gero Steinberg
... motors play active roles in organizing a polar MT array. In exponentially growing cultures of yeast-like cells, c. 50% of the sporidia are in the G2 phase (McCann & Snetselaar, 1997; Garcia-Muse et al., 2004). At this stage, the cells are actively growing at one cell pole and contain three to six MT ...
... motors play active roles in organizing a polar MT array. In exponentially growing cultures of yeast-like cells, c. 50% of the sporidia are in the G2 phase (McCann & Snetselaar, 1997; Garcia-Muse et al., 2004). At this stage, the cells are actively growing at one cell pole and contain three to six MT ...
The structure and function of the Golgi apparatus
... juxtanuclear position, their position in plant cells generally seems irregular. However, at least in some situations, they apparently move to a location where their activity is needed. One example of such mobility is the organization of Golgi stacks near the growing cell plate at the end of mitosis. ...
... juxtanuclear position, their position in plant cells generally seems irregular. However, at least in some situations, they apparently move to a location where their activity is needed. One example of such mobility is the organization of Golgi stacks near the growing cell plate at the end of mitosis. ...
The Pathogenic Fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Exports
... revealed with sera from PCM patients. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), vesicle components containing ␣-Gal epitopes reacted strongly with anti-␣-Gal antibodies isolated from both Chagas’ disease and PCM patients, with Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) (a lectin that recognizes termi ...
... revealed with sera from PCM patients. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), vesicle components containing ␣-Gal epitopes reacted strongly with anti-␣-Gal antibodies isolated from both Chagas’ disease and PCM patients, with Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) (a lectin that recognizes termi ...
r-Gir - Microbiology
... explanation of this model. They demonstrated that nascent chitin is synthesized in relatively amorphous strands which become thicker as chitin chains accrete by hydrogen bonding to form microfibrils. These are then cross-linked gradually to glucan chains in sub-apical regions of the hyphae. In non-g ...
... explanation of this model. They demonstrated that nascent chitin is synthesized in relatively amorphous strands which become thicker as chitin chains accrete by hydrogen bonding to form microfibrils. These are then cross-linked gradually to glucan chains in sub-apical regions of the hyphae. In non-g ...
Tese Hugo Fraga
... context, the aim of this study was to deepen the knowledge about SE and EC cryopreservation of A. angustifolia, aiming at the identification and elucidation of its control points by means of ultrastructural and biochemical studies. The results achieved allow: obtaining a SE fate map of A. angustifol ...
... context, the aim of this study was to deepen the knowledge about SE and EC cryopreservation of A. angustifolia, aiming at the identification and elucidation of its control points by means of ultrastructural and biochemical studies. The results achieved allow: obtaining a SE fate map of A. angustifol ...
Lysosomes in iron metabolism, ageing and apoptosis
... wider notice. The group, based at the Catholic University in Lovain, Belgium, was at the time conducting studies of glucose-6-phosphatase (reviewed in de Duve 2005). As a reference enzyme, they used unspecific acid phosphatase. One day, when they decided to reinvestigate a cell homogenate after keep ...
... wider notice. The group, based at the Catholic University in Lovain, Belgium, was at the time conducting studies of glucose-6-phosphatase (reviewed in de Duve 2005). As a reference enzyme, they used unspecific acid phosphatase. One day, when they decided to reinvestigate a cell homogenate after keep ...
Second Messengers Mediate Increases in Cytosolic Calcium in
... Ca21) and hence gauge the involvement of external/internal Ca21 stores in the [Ca21]cyt responses to cAMP/cGMP. Both types of cyclic-nucleotide derivatives caused similar transient [Ca21]cyt elevations, unequivocally indicating that the mononucleotide parts of the molecules were responsible. The tra ...
... Ca21) and hence gauge the involvement of external/internal Ca21 stores in the [Ca21]cyt responses to cAMP/cGMP. Both types of cyclic-nucleotide derivatives caused similar transient [Ca21]cyt elevations, unequivocally indicating that the mononucleotide parts of the molecules were responsible. The tra ...
Actin-dependent vacuolar occupancy of the cell determines auxin
... cells show interconnected vacuolar structures (26–31). Accordingly, the actin–myosin system could generate or release vacuolar constrictions. We therefore addressed whether auxin impacts either the fragmentation or the constriction of the vacuole. We used serial block-face scanning electron microsco ...
... cells show interconnected vacuolar structures (26–31). Accordingly, the actin–myosin system could generate or release vacuolar constrictions. We therefore addressed whether auxin impacts either the fragmentation or the constriction of the vacuole. We used serial block-face scanning electron microsco ...
The nucleolus through the years
... regions accompanied by their translocation to the nucleolar periphery was produced in aging and starving cells (Fig. 5, Smetana et al. 2006b). It should be also mentioned that such translocation appeared to be reversible (Smetana et al. 2005). In addition, the increased translocation of silver stain ...
... regions accompanied by their translocation to the nucleolar periphery was produced in aging and starving cells (Fig. 5, Smetana et al. 2006b). It should be also mentioned that such translocation appeared to be reversible (Smetana et al. 2005). In addition, the increased translocation of silver stain ...
Diatoms
... and a lid. There is a wide diversity in how they look. Tiny pores in the silica allow for gas exchange Different types of diatoms ...
... and a lid. There is a wide diversity in how they look. Tiny pores in the silica allow for gas exchange Different types of diatoms ...
Enzymes for Cell Dissociation and Lysis - Sigma
... the most important of the three for measuring the proteolytic activity that assists the digestion of animal tissue. Because the clostripain present in crude collagenase must be reduced (e.g., by treatment with dithiothreitol) in order to be active this enzyme probably contributes little to the tissu ...
... the most important of the three for measuring the proteolytic activity that assists the digestion of animal tissue. Because the clostripain present in crude collagenase must be reduced (e.g., by treatment with dithiothreitol) in order to be active this enzyme probably contributes little to the tissu ...
Review
... (B) The core of the Ca2+ signaling network. In excitatory Ca2+ signaling, plasma membrane ion channels are triggered to open by changes in voltage, or extra- or intracellular ligand binding. When open, ?1 million Ca2+ ions/s/channel flow down the 20,000 fold [Ca2+]i gradient (ECa ? +150 mV), maintai ...
... (B) The core of the Ca2+ signaling network. In excitatory Ca2+ signaling, plasma membrane ion channels are triggered to open by changes in voltage, or extra- or intracellular ligand binding. When open, ?1 million Ca2+ ions/s/channel flow down the 20,000 fold [Ca2+]i gradient (ECa ? +150 mV), maintai ...
Protein secretion and surface display in Gram
... AND ITS ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES The peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria is much thicker than that of Gram-negative microbes; in some cases, it can be 50– 100 nm in diameter [48]. Cell wall envelopes can be isolated by first physically breaking cells with glass or aluminium beads and then pur ...
... AND ITS ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES The peptidoglycan layer of Gram-positive bacteria is much thicker than that of Gram-negative microbes; in some cases, it can be 50– 100 nm in diameter [48]. Cell wall envelopes can be isolated by first physically breaking cells with glass or aluminium beads and then pur ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.