dravhandling-hafte - DUO
... by signals of proteinacous nature or post-translationally added structures such as glycans. Among all polarized cell types, epithelial cells are the most studied when it comes to polarized protein sorting, due to the differential access to the apical and basolateral membrane domains obtained when ce ...
... by signals of proteinacous nature or post-translationally added structures such as glycans. Among all polarized cell types, epithelial cells are the most studied when it comes to polarized protein sorting, due to the differential access to the apical and basolateral membrane domains obtained when ce ...
Exosomes with major histocompatibility complex class II and
... CD82 [7], which interact with membrane proteins, such as integrins and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR [10]. Exosomes may not only have a role in T-cell activation, but may also function as a communicator between cells in the immune system. Intestinal epithelial cells secrete exosome-like vesicles, ...
... CD82 [7], which interact with membrane proteins, such as integrins and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR [10]. Exosomes may not only have a role in T-cell activation, but may also function as a communicator between cells in the immune system. Intestinal epithelial cells secrete exosome-like vesicles, ...
ERK Nuclear Translocation Is Dimerization
... Stimulation of numerous cell surface receptors leads to activation of the Raf/MEK7/ERK signaling pathway. In this kinase cascade, Raf phosphorylates only MEK, and MEK phosphorylates only ERK, whereas ERK is able to phosphorylate many substrates in nearly all cell compartments (1). Noncatalytic activ ...
... Stimulation of numerous cell surface receptors leads to activation of the Raf/MEK7/ERK signaling pathway. In this kinase cascade, Raf phosphorylates only MEK, and MEK phosphorylates only ERK, whereas ERK is able to phosphorylate many substrates in nearly all cell compartments (1). Noncatalytic activ ...
regulation of secretion of parathormone and secretory protein
... parathormone secreted was 3.5- to 4-fold greater at 0.5 mM calcium than at 3 .0 mM calcium. At both concentrations, the hormone appeared to be derived from both the previously synthesized and more recently synthesized pools in about the same proportion . The increase in previously synthesized hormon ...
... parathormone secreted was 3.5- to 4-fold greater at 0.5 mM calcium than at 3 .0 mM calcium. At both concentrations, the hormone appeared to be derived from both the previously synthesized and more recently synthesized pools in about the same proportion . The increase in previously synthesized hormon ...
Dissecting stimulus-specific Ca2+ signals in amyloplasts and
... signal transduction. This allowed us to monitor in parallel Ca2+ dynamics in the bulk cytosol, the cytosolic microdomain just outside plastids (by means of the aequorin chimera targeted to the cytosolic surface of the plastid outer envelope), and the organelle stroma. [Ca2+] in all these subcellular ...
... signal transduction. This allowed us to monitor in parallel Ca2+ dynamics in the bulk cytosol, the cytosolic microdomain just outside plastids (by means of the aequorin chimera targeted to the cytosolic surface of the plastid outer envelope), and the organelle stroma. [Ca2+] in all these subcellular ...
Modulation of Calcium Channel Function in Nerve Cell Membrane
... tions of the possible metabolic modulation of calcium channel function, using direct recordings of calcium currents. cAMP-dependent modulation of calcium currents in neuronal membrane. The high-threshold calcium channels in the neuronal membrane possess an important characteristic which makes them v ...
... tions of the possible metabolic modulation of calcium channel function, using direct recordings of calcium currents. cAMP-dependent modulation of calcium currents in neuronal membrane. The high-threshold calcium channels in the neuronal membrane possess an important characteristic which makes them v ...
Effects on Kiwifruit Quality using an Amino Acid Chelate
... dominant5. Therefore, how is an element such as calcium going to be transported into the fruit if the primary mechanism for its movement, the xylem, undergoes reduced functionality? Previous Calcium trials Due to the relative immobility of calcium in the plant, strategies to increase fruit calcium l ...
... dominant5. Therefore, how is an element such as calcium going to be transported into the fruit if the primary mechanism for its movement, the xylem, undergoes reduced functionality? Previous Calcium trials Due to the relative immobility of calcium in the plant, strategies to increase fruit calcium l ...
Journal of Phycology 44
... by nitrogen starvation. Full expression requires growth in a nitrogen-limited environment. In eukaryotic GS, this phenomenon has not been observed. It has been reported that hormones can induce changes in the rate of GS type II biosynthesis (Eisenberg et al. 2000). Together with GS, a number of othe ...
... by nitrogen starvation. Full expression requires growth in a nitrogen-limited environment. In eukaryotic GS, this phenomenon has not been observed. It has been reported that hormones can induce changes in the rate of GS type II biosynthesis (Eisenberg et al. 2000). Together with GS, a number of othe ...
Microsporidia: Why Make Nucleotides if You Can Steal Them?
... nucleotide building blocks needed for protein, DNA, and RNA biosynthesis, they must have evolved ways of stealing these substrates from the infected host cell. Providing they can do this, genome analyses suggest that microsporidia have the enzyme repertoire needed to use and regenerate the imported ...
... nucleotide building blocks needed for protein, DNA, and RNA biosynthesis, they must have evolved ways of stealing these substrates from the infected host cell. Providing they can do this, genome analyses suggest that microsporidia have the enzyme repertoire needed to use and regenerate the imported ...
Dissecting sterol function during clathrin-dependent
... lipid bilayer solvent that can interact with peripheral proteins (Simons and Sampaio, 2011). The lipid bilayer results from the self-association of the lipids hydrophobic moieties and the interaction of the hydrophilic moieties with aqueous environments. The same principle acts at the subcellular le ...
... lipid bilayer solvent that can interact with peripheral proteins (Simons and Sampaio, 2011). The lipid bilayer results from the self-association of the lipids hydrophobic moieties and the interaction of the hydrophilic moieties with aqueous environments. The same principle acts at the subcellular le ...
9. Fibrous proteins and collagen
... sheet-like structures that provide mechanical support for adjacent cells, and function as a semipermeable filtration barrier to macromolecules in organs such as the kidney and the lung. ...
... sheet-like structures that provide mechanical support for adjacent cells, and function as a semipermeable filtration barrier to macromolecules in organs such as the kidney and the lung. ...
Drug resistance patterns and susceptibility to
... (Clements, 1968; Jayaraman et al., 1968; Boutibonnes and Jacquet, 1976) and detoxification (Ciegler et al., 1966) of aflatoxins. The lethal effects of aflatoxins on micro-organisms include: growth inhibition (Arai et al., 1967; Burmeister and Hesseltine, 1966); biochemical alterations in Bacillus me ...
... (Clements, 1968; Jayaraman et al., 1968; Boutibonnes and Jacquet, 1976) and detoxification (Ciegler et al., 1966) of aflatoxins. The lethal effects of aflatoxins on micro-organisms include: growth inhibition (Arai et al., 1967; Burmeister and Hesseltine, 1966); biochemical alterations in Bacillus me ...
Remodeling of endosomes during lysosome biogenesis involves
... features To determine the nature of the giant endosomes present in rab5(Q79L)-expressing macrophages, we characterized the kinetic of their formation and some of their biochemical properties. First, we followed the distribution of a fluorescent fluid tracer at various time points after its internali ...
... features To determine the nature of the giant endosomes present in rab5(Q79L)-expressing macrophages, we characterized the kinetic of their formation and some of their biochemical properties. First, we followed the distribution of a fluorescent fluid tracer at various time points after its internali ...
Bacterial Growth and Cell Division: a Mycobacterial Perspective
... outer proteins and lipids are soluble components of the cell wall and have been referred to as the signaling and effector molecules of mycobacteria (50) because of their known roles in interacting with the immune system. The inner compartment consists of peptidoglycan (PG), arabinogalactan (AG), and ...
... outer proteins and lipids are soluble components of the cell wall and have been referred to as the signaling and effector molecules of mycobacteria (50) because of their known roles in interacting with the immune system. The inner compartment consists of peptidoglycan (PG), arabinogalactan (AG), and ...
The control of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca content in cardiac muscle
... content. An example of this is shown in Fig. 1. Here a low concentration of caffeine was applied to increase the open probability of the RyR. This results in an increase of the systolic Ca transient (Fig. 1A). However, as shown in the specimen records of Fig. 1E and F, this increases Ca efflux such ...
... content. An example of this is shown in Fig. 1. Here a low concentration of caffeine was applied to increase the open probability of the RyR. This results in an increase of the systolic Ca transient (Fig. 1A). However, as shown in the specimen records of Fig. 1E and F, this increases Ca efflux such ...
Auxin and the Communication Between Plant Cells
... a simple molecule as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has acquired such a central role for intercellular coordination. This is attributed to the molecular properties of auxin that determine its transport properties (multidirectional influx through an ion-trap mechanism, but unidirectional efflux through t ...
... a simple molecule as indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) has acquired such a central role for intercellular coordination. This is attributed to the molecular properties of auxin that determine its transport properties (multidirectional influx through an ion-trap mechanism, but unidirectional efflux through t ...
Localization of Phycoerythrin at the Lumenal Surface of the
... All procedures were carried out at 4°C unless noted otherwise. R. lens cells were fixed for 1 h by adding 0.5 % glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2, in a 1:1 ratio to cell cultures. After two buffer rinses, free aldehyde groups were blocked by resuspending cells in buffered 0.1 ...
... All procedures were carried out at 4°C unless noted otherwise. R. lens cells were fixed for 1 h by adding 0.5 % glutaraldehyde in 0.2 M sodium cacodylate buffer, pH 7.2, in a 1:1 ratio to cell cultures. After two buffer rinses, free aldehyde groups were blocked by resuspending cells in buffered 0.1 ...
Extended PDF
... To investigate this hypothesis, we visualized exopolysaccharide by fluorescence microscopy by using a conjugate of the carbohydrate-binding protein concanavalin A with Texas red (Figure 3) (McSwain et al., 2005). As evidence of specificity, the conjugate decorated wild-type cells but not cells from ...
... To investigate this hypothesis, we visualized exopolysaccharide by fluorescence microscopy by using a conjugate of the carbohydrate-binding protein concanavalin A with Texas red (Figure 3) (McSwain et al., 2005). As evidence of specificity, the conjugate decorated wild-type cells but not cells from ...
14-3-3 associates with cell surface aminopeptidase N in the
... The complexity of multicellular organisms demands extensive communication between cells of different germ layers in order to direct tissue development and repair. Increasing evidence suggests that bidirectional signaling between stromal and epithelial cells plays a crucial role in maintaining the in ...
... The complexity of multicellular organisms demands extensive communication between cells of different germ layers in order to direct tissue development and repair. Increasing evidence suggests that bidirectional signaling between stromal and epithelial cells plays a crucial role in maintaining the in ...
Nucleation and Dynamics of Golgi-derived Microtubules
... was identified as associated with this scaffolding complex (Moreno-Mateos et al., 2011). Depletion of each of these listed molecules has been demonstrated to attenuate Golgiderived MT formation. Most significantly, AKAP450 has proven to be essential for Golgi-derived MT formation in multiple experim ...
... was identified as associated with this scaffolding complex (Moreno-Mateos et al., 2011). Depletion of each of these listed molecules has been demonstrated to attenuate Golgiderived MT formation. Most significantly, AKAP450 has proven to be essential for Golgi-derived MT formation in multiple experim ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.