Practice Test Answer Key
... ____ 25. When a female salmon nears the end of her life, she returns to the river where she was born so that she can lay her eggs. This is an example of a. an inherited characteristic. c. a physical adaptation. b. an adaptation. d. a learned behaviour. ____ 26. A frog that buries itself in the mud f ...
... ____ 25. When a female salmon nears the end of her life, she returns to the river where she was born so that she can lay her eggs. This is an example of a. an inherited characteristic. c. a physical adaptation. b. an adaptation. d. a learned behaviour. ____ 26. A frog that buries itself in the mud f ...
Lineage-specific stem cells, signals and asymmetries
... (Iwafuchi-Doi and Zaret, 2014). For instance, ectopic expression of MyoD in fibroblasts induces muscle cell differentiation (Davis et al., 1987). The results of genome-wide MyoD binding studies indicate that MyoD binding requires specific E-boxes and is dependent on both interacting factors (coopera ...
... (Iwafuchi-Doi and Zaret, 2014). For instance, ectopic expression of MyoD in fibroblasts induces muscle cell differentiation (Davis et al., 1987). The results of genome-wide MyoD binding studies indicate that MyoD binding requires specific E-boxes and is dependent on both interacting factors (coopera ...
Plasma membrane microdomains from hybrid aspen cells are
... been extensively studied during the last decade. More recently, DRMs that exhibit similar biochemical properties as animal DRMs have been isolated from several plants including tobacco [12,13], Arabidopsis [14] and Medicago truncatula [15]. But despite this progress, plant DRMs are still poorly char ...
... been extensively studied during the last decade. More recently, DRMs that exhibit similar biochemical properties as animal DRMs have been isolated from several plants including tobacco [12,13], Arabidopsis [14] and Medicago truncatula [15]. But despite this progress, plant DRMs are still poorly char ...
Serial killers: ordering caspase activation events in apoptosis
... proteases are synthesized as inactive pro-enzymes (zymogens) that require removal of a pro-peptide by limited proteolysis, and (2) cells typically synthesise proteins that can complex with proteases and inhibit their activities (protease inhibitors). Both strategies are utilized in the control of ce ...
... proteases are synthesized as inactive pro-enzymes (zymogens) that require removal of a pro-peptide by limited proteolysis, and (2) cells typically synthesise proteins that can complex with proteases and inhibit their activities (protease inhibitors). Both strategies are utilized in the control of ce ...
Spatial localization of the first and last enzymes effectively connects
... reproduced in vitro [5,6]; nevertheless, aside from a few exceptions where enzymes form macromolecular complexes [7-9], little is known about the cellular organization of enzymes. It is possible that the existence of large multi-enzyme complexes, as opposed to freely diffusing enzymes, could either ...
... reproduced in vitro [5,6]; nevertheless, aside from a few exceptions where enzymes form macromolecular complexes [7-9], little is known about the cellular organization of enzymes. It is possible that the existence of large multi-enzyme complexes, as opposed to freely diffusing enzymes, could either ...
Germ Cell Speci fi cation - Molecular Biology and Genetics
... in MEX-5, MEX-1, POS-1, and PIE-1. A fusion between GFP and the PIE-1 first zinc finger (GFP:ZF1) is symmetrically segregated to somatic and germline blastomeres, but degraded in each somatic lineage in a ZIF-1-dependent manner (DeRenzo et al. 2003). The distribution of ZIF-1 protein is not known, b ...
... in MEX-5, MEX-1, POS-1, and PIE-1. A fusion between GFP and the PIE-1 first zinc finger (GFP:ZF1) is symmetrically segregated to somatic and germline blastomeres, but degraded in each somatic lineage in a ZIF-1-dependent manner (DeRenzo et al. 2003). The distribution of ZIF-1 protein is not known, b ...
How and why does β-actin mRNA target?
... mRNA for the assembly of β-actin-specific actin compartments In situ hybridization has shown that β-actin mRNA is localized at the front of cells near the leading edge of lamellipods of crawling cells (Hill and Gunning, 1993; Sundell and Singer, 1990). Furthermore, the localization of β-actin mRNA i ...
... mRNA for the assembly of β-actin-specific actin compartments In situ hybridization has shown that β-actin mRNA is localized at the front of cells near the leading edge of lamellipods of crawling cells (Hill and Gunning, 1993; Sundell and Singer, 1990). Furthermore, the localization of β-actin mRNA i ...
A Simple and Efficient Method for Isolating Trichomes for
... by freeze shattering usually results in broken trichomes. In addition, measurement of the DNA content of trichomes is hindered by their attachment to the leaf. Staining of an intact Arabidopsis leaf with DAPI can result in unwanted fluorescence contribution from the nuclei (and potentially cell wall ...
... by freeze shattering usually results in broken trichomes. In addition, measurement of the DNA content of trichomes is hindered by their attachment to the leaf. Staining of an intact Arabidopsis leaf with DAPI can result in unwanted fluorescence contribution from the nuclei (and potentially cell wall ...
2.2.3 Enzymes
... meat to tenderise. Proteolytic enzymes released from lysosomes gradually broke down the muscle structure. Today, immobilised enzymes are used to shorten the hanging time. Many fungi, bacteria, and plants e.g. pineapple, contain proteolytic enzymes, which can be used for this purpose. These are non-t ...
... meat to tenderise. Proteolytic enzymes released from lysosomes gradually broke down the muscle structure. Today, immobilised enzymes are used to shorten the hanging time. Many fungi, bacteria, and plants e.g. pineapple, contain proteolytic enzymes, which can be used for this purpose. These are non-t ...
Characterization of Pinin, A Novel Protein Associated with the
... Expression and Purification of Recombinant Pinin eDNA synthesis was carried out by priming the ssl3 template with specific oligonucleotides linked to sequence of the restriction enzyme sites. BamH1 was used on sense primers and EcoR1 was used on antisense primers (lowercase below). Sequences were se ...
... Expression and Purification of Recombinant Pinin eDNA synthesis was carried out by priming the ssl3 template with specific oligonucleotides linked to sequence of the restriction enzyme sites. BamH1 was used on sense primers and EcoR1 was used on antisense primers (lowercase below). Sequences were se ...
Centrosome misorientation mediates slowing of the cell cycle under
... cells, via insulin signaling (Drummond-Barbosa and Spradling, 2001; LaFever and Drummond-Barbosa, 2005; Narbonne and Roy, 2006; Ueishi et al., 2009; McLeod et al., 2010; Michaelson et al., 2010; Choi et al., 2011; O’Brien et al., 2011). Stem cells are characterized by their high proliferation activi ...
... cells, via insulin signaling (Drummond-Barbosa and Spradling, 2001; LaFever and Drummond-Barbosa, 2005; Narbonne and Roy, 2006; Ueishi et al., 2009; McLeod et al., 2010; Michaelson et al., 2010; Choi et al., 2011; O’Brien et al., 2011). Stem cells are characterized by their high proliferation activi ...
Glycolytic Enzymes Associate Dynamically with
... of the cytosolic isoforms of each glycolytic enzyme is associated with the outer surface of mitochondria. This has been independently corroborated by green fluorescent protein tagging of certain isoforms of Arabidopsis phosphofructokinase (Mustroph et al., 2007). There is also good evidence from a r ...
... of the cytosolic isoforms of each glycolytic enzyme is associated with the outer surface of mitochondria. This has been independently corroborated by green fluorescent protein tagging of certain isoforms of Arabidopsis phosphofructokinase (Mustroph et al., 2007). There is also good evidence from a r ...
The variability of autophagy and cell death susceptibility
... randomly during nonselective (bulk cytoplasm) autophagy; however, specific organelles can be surrounded with the help of recognition proteins such as SQSTM1/p62 during selective autophagy.4 Subsequent docking and fusion with lysosomes occurs with the formation of an autolysosome, a process first pro ...
... randomly during nonselective (bulk cytoplasm) autophagy; however, specific organelles can be surrounded with the help of recognition proteins such as SQSTM1/p62 during selective autophagy.4 Subsequent docking and fusion with lysosomes occurs with the formation of an autolysosome, a process first pro ...
Modeling Root Zone Effects on Preferred Pathways for the Passive
... effects of changes in root anatomical structure that occur along the length of the root. To capture the interactions between water and ion transport, we model their uptake as a coupled system. Radial and axial flows of water occur due to both osmotic and hydraulic pressure gradients, while both radi ...
... effects of changes in root anatomical structure that occur along the length of the root. To capture the interactions between water and ion transport, we model their uptake as a coupled system. Radial and axial flows of water occur due to both osmotic and hydraulic pressure gradients, while both radi ...
Coupling of thraustochytrids and POM, and of bacterio
... that zoospores of most thraustochytrid species lack cell walls (Moss 1986). Also, very small cells (< 5 µm) were not easily distinguishable because the cell wall-associated red fluorescence was weaker than the nucleusassociated green fluorescence. Thus, very small cells were not counted, and the cou ...
... that zoospores of most thraustochytrid species lack cell walls (Moss 1986). Also, very small cells (< 5 µm) were not easily distinguishable because the cell wall-associated red fluorescence was weaker than the nucleusassociated green fluorescence. Thus, very small cells were not counted, and the cou ...
An analysis of the response to gut induction in the C. elegans embryo
... the right. Cell types produced by E and MS lineages are shown. The P2-EMS interaction is indicated by an arrow. Bottom: Cell lineage from fertilised egg (P0) through 26 cell stage. timings, lineages were followed in EMS for a minimum of three divisions and differentiation was followed alone in separ ...
... the right. Cell types produced by E and MS lineages are shown. The P2-EMS interaction is indicated by an arrow. Bottom: Cell lineage from fertilised egg (P0) through 26 cell stage. timings, lineages were followed in EMS for a minimum of three divisions and differentiation was followed alone in separ ...
Proteolytic and other metabolic pathways in lysosomes
... the lysosomal proteinases and the other Iysosomal enzymes. There is evidence that the lysosomal proteinases bring about proteolytic processing of a number of the lysosomal enzymes, but it is obviously essential that this proteolysis is strictly limited. Naturally, the other lysosomal proteins would ...
... the lysosomal proteinases and the other Iysosomal enzymes. There is evidence that the lysosomal proteinases bring about proteolytic processing of a number of the lysosomal enzymes, but it is obviously essential that this proteolysis is strictly limited. Naturally, the other lysosomal proteins would ...
Vesicular transport of newly synthesized opsin from the Golgi
... seen in the ellipsoid region (mitochondria, smooth membrane vesicles and cisternae, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane) as well as the region surrounding the ellipsoid (extracellular, ROS) which could also contribute grains to the ellipsoid region. The grain compartments (columns) consisted of the exter ...
... seen in the ellipsoid region (mitochondria, smooth membrane vesicles and cisternae, cytoplasm, and plasma membrane) as well as the region surrounding the ellipsoid (extracellular, ROS) which could also contribute grains to the ellipsoid region. The grain compartments (columns) consisted of the exter ...
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Imaging Reveals
... domain into the Golgi lumen (Fig. 1B). The CTS region not only contains the information necessary for enzyme targeting to the Golgi but also directs the nonuniform, overlapping distribution of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases across the distinct Golgi cisternae (or subcompartments; Saint-Jore-D ...
... domain into the Golgi lumen (Fig. 1B). The CTS region not only contains the information necessary for enzyme targeting to the Golgi but also directs the nonuniform, overlapping distribution of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases across the distinct Golgi cisternae (or subcompartments; Saint-Jore-D ...
The Plasma Membrane of the Cyanobacterium
... cyanobacteria, while the other is carotenoid rich and shows properties of a cyanobacterial plasma membrane. This separation of membrane domains correlated to their carotenoid content shows parallels to the observation of xanthophyll-rich domains in the thylakoid membrane of the high-light-adapted gr ...
... cyanobacteria, while the other is carotenoid rich and shows properties of a cyanobacterial plasma membrane. This separation of membrane domains correlated to their carotenoid content shows parallels to the observation of xanthophyll-rich domains in the thylakoid membrane of the high-light-adapted gr ...
Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate
... (Lu et al. 1998). Physiological experiments in L. donovani also suggested the presence of the V-Hþ-ATPase and the V-Hþ-PPase in different compartments (Rodrigues et al. 1999b). The V-Hþ-PPase also exists elsewhere in some species. It was initially described in chromatophore membranes of Rhodospirill ...
... (Lu et al. 1998). Physiological experiments in L. donovani also suggested the presence of the V-Hþ-ATPase and the V-Hþ-PPase in different compartments (Rodrigues et al. 1999b). The V-Hþ-PPase also exists elsewhere in some species. It was initially described in chromatophore membranes of Rhodospirill ...
Evolution of acidocalcisomes and their role in polyphosphate
... (Lu et al. 1998). Physiological experiments in L. donovani also suggested the presence of the V-Hþ-ATPase and the V-Hþ-PPase in different compartments (Rodrigues et al. 1999b). The V-Hþ-PPase also exists elsewhere in some species. It was initially described in chromatophore membranes of Rhodospirill ...
... (Lu et al. 1998). Physiological experiments in L. donovani also suggested the presence of the V-Hþ-ATPase and the V-Hþ-PPase in different compartments (Rodrigues et al. 1999b). The V-Hþ-PPase also exists elsewhere in some species. It was initially described in chromatophore membranes of Rhodospirill ...
The Plasma Membrane of the Cyanobacterium
... cyanobacteria, while the other is carotenoid rich and shows properties of a cyanobacterial plasma membrane. This separation of membrane domains correlated to their carotenoid content shows parallels to the observation of xanthophyll-rich domains in the thylakoid membrane of the high-light-adapted gr ...
... cyanobacteria, while the other is carotenoid rich and shows properties of a cyanobacterial plasma membrane. This separation of membrane domains correlated to their carotenoid content shows parallels to the observation of xanthophyll-rich domains in the thylakoid membrane of the high-light-adapted gr ...
Diuretics - AState.edu
... Prompt removal of renal toxins One of the few diuretics that do not remove large amounts of Na+ Can cause hypernatremia ...
... Prompt removal of renal toxins One of the few diuretics that do not remove large amounts of Na+ Can cause hypernatremia ...
Novel Insights into Vacuole-mediated Control of Plant Growth and
... inter-connected, thereby forming the endomembrane system. The endomembrane system is crucial for the exchange and transport of materials such as proteins and lipids within cells, and generally includes the plasma membrane, the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the nuclear envelope, en ...
... inter-connected, thereby forming the endomembrane system. The endomembrane system is crucial for the exchange and transport of materials such as proteins and lipids within cells, and generally includes the plasma membrane, the Golgi apparatus, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the nuclear envelope, en ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.