assembly and enlargement of the primary cell wall in plants
... The tight noncovalent bonding between adjacent glucans within a cellulose microfibril gives this structure remarkable properties. Cellulose has very high tensile strength—equivalent to steel (Wainwright et al 1976)—and is insoluble, chemically stable, and relatively immune to enzymatic attack. Micro ...
... The tight noncovalent bonding between adjacent glucans within a cellulose microfibril gives this structure remarkable properties. Cellulose has very high tensile strength—equivalent to steel (Wainwright et al 1976)—and is insoluble, chemically stable, and relatively immune to enzymatic attack. Micro ...
Accumulation of xylem transported protein at pit membranes and
... when xylem embolisms had been removed and flow was stable, the perfusate was switched to the same solution containing ovalbumin. Flow was assayed by recording the volume of perfusate entering the scaled tubing at regular intervals. Tobacco: Leaves and petioles on shoots of 4-week-old, wellirrigated, ...
... when xylem embolisms had been removed and flow was stable, the perfusate was switched to the same solution containing ovalbumin. Flow was assayed by recording the volume of perfusate entering the scaled tubing at regular intervals. Tobacco: Leaves and petioles on shoots of 4-week-old, wellirrigated, ...
New TURF for TIRF - Stowers Institute for Medical Research
... intensity. Thus, can empirically determine the experimental depth at which fluorophores are visible using fluorescent beads (Keyel, Watkins, and Traub 2004 JBC) ...
... intensity. Thus, can empirically determine the experimental depth at which fluorophores are visible using fluorescent beads (Keyel, Watkins, and Traub 2004 JBC) ...
Long-Term Acclimation of the Cyanobacterium
... the level of which more than doubled after 24 h at HL2 (Supplemental Fig. S2). Growth rates of the cultures were accelerating with light intensity reaching the maximum at HL2 (Table I), a further increase in light intensity to 600 mE m22 s21 started to inhibit growth (data not shown), although cell ...
... the level of which more than doubled after 24 h at HL2 (Supplemental Fig. S2). Growth rates of the cultures were accelerating with light intensity reaching the maximum at HL2 (Table I), a further increase in light intensity to 600 mE m22 s21 started to inhibit growth (data not shown), although cell ...
Involvement of Calcium Ion in the Stimulated Shoot Elongation of
... Anaerobic responses of seed plants at the molecular level have been extensively investigated in studies on root growth of crop plants (Perata and Alpi 1993). In maize roots (Sachs et al. 1996), anaerobic treatment induces specific expression of about 20 genes encoding anaerobic proteins (ANPs) after ...
... Anaerobic responses of seed plants at the molecular level have been extensively investigated in studies on root growth of crop plants (Perata and Alpi 1993). In maize roots (Sachs et al. 1996), anaerobic treatment induces specific expression of about 20 genes encoding anaerobic proteins (ANPs) after ...
biochemical, biophysical and electrophysiological characterisation
... The eukaryotic voltage-gated sodium channel Na v is an integral membrane protein that transports sodium across the cell membrane. While the Na v has a four-domain structure with six α-helical transmembrane segments in each domain, the first bacterial homologue, which was identified in 2001 in Bacill ...
... The eukaryotic voltage-gated sodium channel Na v is an integral membrane protein that transports sodium across the cell membrane. While the Na v has a four-domain structure with six α-helical transmembrane segments in each domain, the first bacterial homologue, which was identified in 2001 in Bacill ...
The lysosome as a command-and-control center for cellular
... “top-down” manner, as they involve the engagement of a growth factor ligand to its receptor on the cell surface, followed by signal propagation inside the cell (Taniguchi et al., 2006). Growth factor–derived signals trigger changes in the rate of biochemical reactions occurring in the cytoplasm and ...
... “top-down” manner, as they involve the engagement of a growth factor ligand to its receptor on the cell surface, followed by signal propagation inside the cell (Taniguchi et al., 2006). Growth factor–derived signals trigger changes in the rate of biochemical reactions occurring in the cytoplasm and ...
PowerPoint Template
... Starting from the activated receptor, effector proteins next in sequence are activated that create an intracellular signal in the form of diffusible messenger substances. The hydrophilic messenger substances diffuse to target proteins in the cytosol and activate these for signal transmission further ...
... Starting from the activated receptor, effector proteins next in sequence are activated that create an intracellular signal in the form of diffusible messenger substances. The hydrophilic messenger substances diffuse to target proteins in the cytosol and activate these for signal transmission further ...
Vocab smack-down
... RULES of the GAME: • You must keep your voice at a whisper • LISTEN/READ the correct answer on the board for EVERY question… • This game is to help you prepare for the test! • If you cannot keep yourselves under control, you will have an alternative assignment: • Write definitions/characteristics of ...
... RULES of the GAME: • You must keep your voice at a whisper • LISTEN/READ the correct answer on the board for EVERY question… • This game is to help you prepare for the test! • If you cannot keep yourselves under control, you will have an alternative assignment: • Write definitions/characteristics of ...
Arabidopsis Phragmoplast-Associated Kinesins Play
... lacked sperm. Instead, two identical nuclei were found in single sections (Figure 2B, c). The two nuclei were suspended in the vegetative cytoplasm, and no cell wall–like structure was detected between them (Figure 2B, d). While many defective pollen grains were consistently detected in the double m ...
... lacked sperm. Instead, two identical nuclei were found in single sections (Figure 2B, c). The two nuclei were suspended in the vegetative cytoplasm, and no cell wall–like structure was detected between them (Figure 2B, d). While many defective pollen grains were consistently detected in the double m ...
PDF version
... one-cell embryo (Tsai and Ahringer, 2007; Cowan and Hyman, 2004b; Sonneville and Gönczy, 2004). Microtubules from the meitoic spindle can also induce polarization in the absence of centrosomes in embryos arrested in metaphase of meiosis I (Wallenfang and Seydoux, 2000). However, during embryogenesis ...
... one-cell embryo (Tsai and Ahringer, 2007; Cowan and Hyman, 2004b; Sonneville and Gönczy, 2004). Microtubules from the meitoic spindle can also induce polarization in the absence of centrosomes in embryos arrested in metaphase of meiosis I (Wallenfang and Seydoux, 2000). However, during embryogenesis ...
Introduction - ART
... transcription factors (Kaiser et al., 2000). Ubiquitination usually results in the formation of a bond between the C-terminus of ubiquitin (G76) and the -amino group of a substrate lysine residue. This reaction requires the sequential actions of three enzymes: (a) an activating enzyme (E1) that for ...
... transcription factors (Kaiser et al., 2000). Ubiquitination usually results in the formation of a bond between the C-terminus of ubiquitin (G76) and the -amino group of a substrate lysine residue. This reaction requires the sequential actions of three enzymes: (a) an activating enzyme (E1) that for ...
1. The BCL-2 Family Reunion.
... The BH3-only proteins function in distinct cellular stress scenarios and are subdivided based on their ability to interact with the antiapoptotic BCL-2 repertoire or both the antiapoptotic proteins and the effectors (Figures 1C, 3A–3C). BH3-only proteins that only bind to the antiapoptotic repertoir ...
... The BH3-only proteins function in distinct cellular stress scenarios and are subdivided based on their ability to interact with the antiapoptotic BCL-2 repertoire or both the antiapoptotic proteins and the effectors (Figures 1C, 3A–3C). BH3-only proteins that only bind to the antiapoptotic repertoir ...
Calcium oscillations in higher plants Nicola H Evans*, Martin R
... Grill E, Schroeder JI: Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells. Nature ...
... Grill E, Schroeder JI: Calcium channels activated by hydrogen peroxide mediate abscisic acid signalling in guard cells. Nature ...
Electron Microscopy of Intermediate Filaments: Teaming up with
... because their diameter was clearly diVerent from actin filaments, 5–7 nm in diameter. Furthermore, the latter were easily identified in the developing muscle cells by their association with the thick, i.e., myosin filaments. Interestingly, it was noted that the diameter of these new filaments varied ...
... because their diameter was clearly diVerent from actin filaments, 5–7 nm in diameter. Furthermore, the latter were easily identified in the developing muscle cells by their association with the thick, i.e., myosin filaments. Interestingly, it was noted that the diameter of these new filaments varied ...
Systematic Characterisation of Cellular Localisation and
... MHC class II ligand-containing proteins are also slightly enriched within the term ‘cytoplasm’ and some of its child nodes (‘cytoplasmic PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org ...
... MHC class II ligand-containing proteins are also slightly enriched within the term ‘cytoplasm’ and some of its child nodes (‘cytoplasmic PLoS ONE | www.plosone.org ...
Keystone Exam Study Guide
... BIO.B.2.4.1 Explain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture (e.g., selective breeding, gene splicing, cloning, genetically modified organisms, gene therapy). ...
... BIO.B.2.4.1 Explain how genetic engineering has impacted the fields of medicine, forensics, and agriculture (e.g., selective breeding, gene splicing, cloning, genetically modified organisms, gene therapy). ...
S. cerevisiae Mitotic Exit Activator
... The key roles of the S phase cyclins are to activate DNA replication and spindle pole body duplication and to prevent the inappropriate re-initiation of DNA replication upon completion of S phase (Dahmann et al., 1995). Although the S phase and mitotic cyclins are expressed at different times, they ...
... The key roles of the S phase cyclins are to activate DNA replication and spindle pole body duplication and to prevent the inappropriate re-initiation of DNA replication upon completion of S phase (Dahmann et al., 1995). Although the S phase and mitotic cyclins are expressed at different times, they ...
Plant Wnt: deciphering a novel signalling pathway
... canonical version but without the aid of LRP5/6 co-receptor6,33. However, unlike canonical Wnt signalling cascade, the non-canonical pathway does not bank on catenin to carry out downstream signalling, hence is known as -catenin independent Wnt signalling. PCP signalling is involved mainly in the ...
... canonical version but without the aid of LRP5/6 co-receptor6,33. However, unlike canonical Wnt signalling cascade, the non-canonical pathway does not bank on catenin to carry out downstream signalling, hence is known as -catenin independent Wnt signalling. PCP signalling is involved mainly in the ...
On the origin, evolution, and nature of programmed cell
... pioneering experiments on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans,12,16,65 ± 69 a metazoan whose phylogenic divergence predates ours by several hundred million years and whose body is constituted of less than a thousand somatic cells. During the development of Caenorhabditis elegans, a little less than ...
... pioneering experiments on the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans,12,16,65 ± 69 a metazoan whose phylogenic divergence predates ours by several hundred million years and whose body is constituted of less than a thousand somatic cells. During the development of Caenorhabditis elegans, a little less than ...
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTOR ROLE OF
... testing is further performed for correct diagnosis40. Free-living amoeba have been studied as environmental hosts for Shigella. S. sonnei and S. dysenteriae were able to grow and persist inside Acanthamoeba castellanni41,42, whereas S. flexneri was found to kill the amoeba by necrosis43. These obser ...
... testing is further performed for correct diagnosis40. Free-living amoeba have been studied as environmental hosts for Shigella. S. sonnei and S. dysenteriae were able to grow and persist inside Acanthamoeba castellanni41,42, whereas S. flexneri was found to kill the amoeba by necrosis43. These obser ...
Extracellular ATP Functions as an
... ATP is a vital molecule used by living organisms as a universal source of energy required to drive the cogwheels of intracellular biochemical reactions necessary for growth and development. Animal cells release ATP to the extracellular milieu, where it functions as the primary signaling cue at the e ...
... ATP is a vital molecule used by living organisms as a universal source of energy required to drive the cogwheels of intracellular biochemical reactions necessary for growth and development. Animal cells release ATP to the extracellular milieu, where it functions as the primary signaling cue at the e ...
The tumor suppressor Scrib interacts with the zyxin
... At the heart of structural and functional integrity of multicellular entities is the ability of each and every cell of it to successfully integrate signals arising from soluble factors, cell-substratum adhesion and cell-cell adhesion [1]. Correct processing of these signals allows appropriate cellul ...
... At the heart of structural and functional integrity of multicellular entities is the ability of each and every cell of it to successfully integrate signals arising from soluble factors, cell-substratum adhesion and cell-cell adhesion [1]. Correct processing of these signals allows appropriate cellul ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.