Isolated cell behavior drives the evolution of
... Jacoby, 2006), including the third-generation cephalosporin cefotaxime (Stemmer, 1994; Hall, 2002). Throughout the remainder of this paper, we use the abbreviation “MIC” to describe the lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits growth of a culture over 20 h; this MIC is a function of the init ...
... Jacoby, 2006), including the third-generation cephalosporin cefotaxime (Stemmer, 1994; Hall, 2002). Throughout the remainder of this paper, we use the abbreviation “MIC” to describe the lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibits growth of a culture over 20 h; this MIC is a function of the init ...
In Vitro Reconstitution of SCF Substrate Ubiquitination with Purified
... has been implicated in many aspects of cellular and organismal homeostasis, including cell cycle control, transcription, development, and circadian clock regulation. Cul1 is a member of the cullin family of proteins, of which at least five of the mammalian family members have been shown to form simi ...
... has been implicated in many aspects of cellular and organismal homeostasis, including cell cycle control, transcription, development, and circadian clock regulation. Cul1 is a member of the cullin family of proteins, of which at least five of the mammalian family members have been shown to form simi ...
UNIT 1 – FORCE AND MOTION (SEPUP Force and
... B-2.1 Recall the three major tenets of cell theory (all living things are composed of one or more cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and all presently existing cells arose from previously existing cells). B-2.2 Summarize the structures and functions of organ ...
... B-2.1 Recall the three major tenets of cell theory (all living things are composed of one or more cells; cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and all presently existing cells arose from previously existing cells). B-2.2 Summarize the structures and functions of organ ...
Yeasts as a model for human diseases
... fact that fewer and fewer genes are of unknown function, it serves as a reference genome for the annotation of new ones. For all these reasons, several ‘omics’ approaches were developed using S. cerevisiae. This provided an immense wealth of information that has been used to study more complex organ ...
... fact that fewer and fewer genes are of unknown function, it serves as a reference genome for the annotation of new ones. For all these reasons, several ‘omics’ approaches were developed using S. cerevisiae. This provided an immense wealth of information that has been used to study more complex organ ...
Effects of Macromolecular Crowding on Protein Folding
... Protein folding is the process whereby an extended and unstructured polypeptide is converted into a compact folded structure that typically constitutes its functional form. The process has been characterized extensively in-vitro in dilute buffer solutions over the last few decades. However, invivo, ...
... Protein folding is the process whereby an extended and unstructured polypeptide is converted into a compact folded structure that typically constitutes its functional form. The process has been characterized extensively in-vitro in dilute buffer solutions over the last few decades. However, invivo, ...
Holding it all together? Candidate proteins for the plant Golgi matrix
... and lipids may be processed by Golgi-resident enzymes that modify attached glycan chains [2,3]. The products are sorted and packaged into vesicles for transport to the vacuole or to the plasma membrane. This sorting mainly occurs in the trans Golgi or the trans-Golgi network (TGN), a vesiculo-tubula ...
... and lipids may be processed by Golgi-resident enzymes that modify attached glycan chains [2,3]. The products are sorted and packaged into vesicles for transport to the vacuole or to the plasma membrane. This sorting mainly occurs in the trans Golgi or the trans-Golgi network (TGN), a vesiculo-tubula ...
Click Anywhere to Continue
... The 9 amino acids our bodies cannot produce Click Anywhere to Continue ...
... The 9 amino acids our bodies cannot produce Click Anywhere to Continue ...
Abnormal Calcium Handling in Muscular Dystrophy
... Duchenne muscular dystrophy, primarily caused by a deficiency in the membrane cytoskeletal protein dystrophin, is the most frequent neuromuscular disorder in humans and is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting. This review outlines pathophysiological mechanisms of abnormal calcium ...
... Duchenne muscular dystrophy, primarily caused by a deficiency in the membrane cytoskeletal protein dystrophin, is the most frequent neuromuscular disorder in humans and is characterized by progressive muscle weakness and wasting. This review outlines pathophysiological mechanisms of abnormal calcium ...
Ion Changes in Legume Root Hairs Responding to Nod
... Gehring et al. [1997]) showing that the alleged intracellular Ca2⫹ signal, which is elevated in response to Nod factor, declines to a basal level within a few seconds following the addition of EGTA. Correspondingly, the application of Ca2⫹ to the bathing medium caused a rapid increase in the signal. ...
... Gehring et al. [1997]) showing that the alleged intracellular Ca2⫹ signal, which is elevated in response to Nod factor, declines to a basal level within a few seconds following the addition of EGTA. Correspondingly, the application of Ca2⫹ to the bathing medium caused a rapid increase in the signal. ...
Protists Cells: Grow and Develop:
... Protists and the animal and plant kingdoms, they still use these kingdoms to help describe the different types of Protists. Protists are animal like, plant like, or fungi like. Protists are so small that they do not need any special organelles to take in gas or get rid of waste. They rely on simple ...
... Protists and the animal and plant kingdoms, they still use these kingdoms to help describe the different types of Protists. Protists are animal like, plant like, or fungi like. Protists are so small that they do not need any special organelles to take in gas or get rid of waste. They rely on simple ...
PDF
... clear morphological changes in the NMJ (Fig. 2D,E), similar to those previously described for wg loss-of-function mutations (Packard et al., 2002) and identical to those induced by downregulation of Wg and Fz2 (Fig. 2F,G), in which tube-like structures could be observed in the mutant NMJs instead of ...
... clear morphological changes in the NMJ (Fig. 2D,E), similar to those previously described for wg loss-of-function mutations (Packard et al., 2002) and identical to those induced by downregulation of Wg and Fz2 (Fig. 2F,G), in which tube-like structures could be observed in the mutant NMJs instead of ...
Cell-Mediated Crystallization of Calcium Oxalate in
... higher plants, the distribution of crystals, like their morphology, follows species-specific patterns, indicating regulation over the sites and modes of calcium oxalate accumulation (Arnott and Pautard, 1970). Why and how do different plants make such diverse crystals from the same chemical substanc ...
... higher plants, the distribution of crystals, like their morphology, follows species-specific patterns, indicating regulation over the sites and modes of calcium oxalate accumulation (Arnott and Pautard, 1970). Why and how do different plants make such diverse crystals from the same chemical substanc ...
Caspases - Essays in Biochemistry
... domains) found in pro-caspases 1, 2, 4, 5 and 9, which are important for the activation of these enzymes [10]. Activation of caspases containing long prodomains first requires oligomerization via DED or CARD domains. Following the recruitment of a single type of caspase pro-enzyme to a common oligom ...
... domains) found in pro-caspases 1, 2, 4, 5 and 9, which are important for the activation of these enzymes [10]. Activation of caspases containing long prodomains first requires oligomerization via DED or CARD domains. Following the recruitment of a single type of caspase pro-enzyme to a common oligom ...
Mobile Factories: Golgi dynamics in plant cells
... A large-scale search of plant EST sequences for components of the ER-Golgi transport machinery uncovered a number of expressed genes that show significant similarity to their animal or yeast counterparts8. The high sequence similarity of the encoded proteins suggests that the plant homologues perfor ...
... A large-scale search of plant EST sequences for components of the ER-Golgi transport machinery uncovered a number of expressed genes that show significant similarity to their animal or yeast counterparts8. The high sequence similarity of the encoded proteins suggests that the plant homologues perfor ...
Study of reactive oxygen species-induced ion transport in different models by using
... In animal cells, an example of ROS-mediated process could be phagocyte activation and the generation of ROS for killing foreign organisms. Alterations in the ROS generation-scavenging system have been shown to generate oxidative-stress diseases such as heart failure, rheumatoid arthritis, or neurode ...
... In animal cells, an example of ROS-mediated process could be phagocyte activation and the generation of ROS for killing foreign organisms. Alterations in the ROS generation-scavenging system have been shown to generate oxidative-stress diseases such as heart failure, rheumatoid arthritis, or neurode ...
Developing Technology-Based Biology Assessments for Cell
... necessary connections between the structures and functions of cells. For a more comprehensive understanding, they need to grasp the concept of hierarchical organization of these microscopic entities (Berthelsen, 1999). Furthermore, many students think of organisms in terms of containing cells rather ...
... necessary connections between the structures and functions of cells. For a more comprehensive understanding, they need to grasp the concept of hierarchical organization of these microscopic entities (Berthelsen, 1999). Furthermore, many students think of organisms in terms of containing cells rather ...
Charakterisierung peroxisomaler und Lipid
... not required for wild-type-like steady-state function of peroxisomes, which might be indicative of a metabolic rather than a biogenetic role. It was clearly shown that peroxisomes in Δlpx1 mutants have an aberrant morphology characterized by intraperoxisomal vesicles or invaginations. It was shown t ...
... not required for wild-type-like steady-state function of peroxisomes, which might be indicative of a metabolic rather than a biogenetic role. It was clearly shown that peroxisomes in Δlpx1 mutants have an aberrant morphology characterized by intraperoxisomal vesicles or invaginations. It was shown t ...
Here - Events
... division cycle timing and thus eventually grow as much than cells with larger growth rates. In Raji cells, the same inverse correlation between volume at birth and cell cycle length is found but it is not sufficient to allow small cells to gain the same amount of volume than big cells. We are now co ...
... division cycle timing and thus eventually grow as much than cells with larger growth rates. In Raji cells, the same inverse correlation between volume at birth and cell cycle length is found but it is not sufficient to allow small cells to gain the same amount of volume than big cells. We are now co ...
Rapid Structural Changes and Acidification of Guard Cell Vacuoles
... PIKfyve inhibitor inhibits plant PI3P5K activity (Figure 4A). Arabidopsis FAB1C and its conserved lipid kinase domain were expressed in bacteria, and PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis was examined in vitro. Both the full-length enzyme and lipid kinase domain successfully produced PtdIns(3,5)P2 from the substr ...
... PIKfyve inhibitor inhibits plant PI3P5K activity (Figure 4A). Arabidopsis FAB1C and its conserved lipid kinase domain were expressed in bacteria, and PtdIns(3,5)P2 synthesis was examined in vitro. Both the full-length enzyme and lipid kinase domain successfully produced PtdIns(3,5)P2 from the substr ...
Xenopus ADAM13 and ADAM19 are Important for Proper
... These defects occur without affecting dishevelled ...
... These defects occur without affecting dishevelled ...
Calcium homeostasis in plants
... fluorescent dyes that allow quantification of the temporal and spatial dynamics of cytosolic Ca2+ (Grynkiewicz et al., 1985; Tsien and Poenie, 1986; Haugland, 1992). The Ca2+indicating dyes fall into two broad categories, single-wavelength and ratio dyes. The range of fluorochromes available allows ...
... fluorescent dyes that allow quantification of the temporal and spatial dynamics of cytosolic Ca2+ (Grynkiewicz et al., 1985; Tsien and Poenie, 1986; Haugland, 1992). The Ca2+indicating dyes fall into two broad categories, single-wavelength and ratio dyes. The range of fluorochromes available allows ...
Unit 6 Microorganisms & Fungi
... Brown algae - contain chlorophyll a & c, as well as a brown accessory pigment, fucoxanthin ...
... Brown algae - contain chlorophyll a & c, as well as a brown accessory pigment, fucoxanthin ...
Plant autophagy—more than a starvation response
... While under abiotic stress conditions autophagy is generally considered to be a response to assist in cell survival, autophagy is also well known to contribute to programmed cell death (PCD) by degradation of cellular contents before death [31]. Classical apoptosis as seen in animal cells is unlikel ...
... While under abiotic stress conditions autophagy is generally considered to be a response to assist in cell survival, autophagy is also well known to contribute to programmed cell death (PCD) by degradation of cellular contents before death [31]. Classical apoptosis as seen in animal cells is unlikel ...
The SMN Complex Is Associated with snRNPs throughout Their
... binding, suggesting that a defect in these interactions may play a role in the pathogenesis of SMA (2, 53). To determine more precisely the role of the SMN complex in snRNP core assembly, we asked at what step the SMN complex interacts with snRNAs and whether the SMN complex is released from the snR ...
... binding, suggesting that a defect in these interactions may play a role in the pathogenesis of SMA (2, 53). To determine more precisely the role of the SMN complex in snRNP core assembly, we asked at what step the SMN complex interacts with snRNAs and whether the SMN complex is released from the snR ...
Capture of AT-rich Chromatin by ELYS Recruits POM121 and NDC1
... An equally perplexing problem has been the timing and role of membrane assembly in the postmitotic assembly of nuclear pores. Two major mechanistic models have been proposed that differ substantially in regard to the role of the nuclear membranes in this process. One model, and considerable data, pr ...
... An equally perplexing problem has been the timing and role of membrane assembly in the postmitotic assembly of nuclear pores. Two major mechanistic models have been proposed that differ substantially in regard to the role of the nuclear membranes in this process. One model, and considerable data, pr ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.