Chloroplast envelope membranes: a dynamic interface between
... integration of metabolic and ionic networks in cell metabolism, of a flexible system that can divide, produce dynamic extensions and interact with other cell constituents. Envelope membranes are indeed one of the most complex and dynamic system within a plant cell. In this review, we present an over ...
... integration of metabolic and ionic networks in cell metabolism, of a flexible system that can divide, produce dynamic extensions and interact with other cell constituents. Envelope membranes are indeed one of the most complex and dynamic system within a plant cell. In this review, we present an over ...
Quantitative analysis of changes in spatial distribution and plus
... The effect of cell-plate assembly matrix association on microtubule plus ends is illustrated graphically in Fig. 3 and quantitatively in Fig. 4. In Fig. 3, the microtubule plus-end types are shown as colored dots (yellow, blunt ends; green, extended ends; red, horned ends; blue, flared ends). The hi ...
... The effect of cell-plate assembly matrix association on microtubule plus ends is illustrated graphically in Fig. 3 and quantitatively in Fig. 4. In Fig. 3, the microtubule plus-end types are shown as colored dots (yellow, blunt ends; green, extended ends; red, horned ends; blue, flared ends). The hi ...
The Molecular Basis of the Evolution and Diversity of Stomatal
... dividing stomatal lineage cells and also to the cell cortex opposite the site of the most recent asymmetric division, which appears to be BASL’s main site of activity (Dong et al., 2009) (Figure 3). The ectopic overexpression of BASL confers abnormal cell polarization. Interestingly, the loss of asy ...
... dividing stomatal lineage cells and also to the cell cortex opposite the site of the most recent asymmetric division, which appears to be BASL’s main site of activity (Dong et al., 2009) (Figure 3). The ectopic overexpression of BASL confers abnormal cell polarization. Interestingly, the loss of asy ...
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... class I complex is constitutively active in all nucleated cells and is upregulated by inflammatory cytokines. Interference with this pathway has evolved as an effective strategy for pathogens to evade immune response, leading to chronic or latent infections. However, human patients deficient in MHC ...
... class I complex is constitutively active in all nucleated cells and is upregulated by inflammatory cytokines. Interference with this pathway has evolved as an effective strategy for pathogens to evade immune response, leading to chronic or latent infections. However, human patients deficient in MHC ...
Role of Smad4 (DPC4) inactivation in human cancer.
... SMAD4 mutant mouse embryos exhibit early embryonic lethality • By day 6.5, SMAD4 mutant mouse embryos appear much smaller than wild type ones; the difference in size is attributed to reduced cell ...
... SMAD4 mutant mouse embryos exhibit early embryonic lethality • By day 6.5, SMAD4 mutant mouse embryos appear much smaller than wild type ones; the difference in size is attributed to reduced cell ...
the uptake of valine and cytidine by sea
... capable of moving a substance up a concentration gradient. It can be calculated from the results in Fig. 1 that the apparent concentration of valine in an egg at first cleavage is at least 5-7 x io~3M after 5 min, whereas the concentration in the sea water is 1-4 x IO^M, that is, 40 times less. For ...
... capable of moving a substance up a concentration gradient. It can be calculated from the results in Fig. 1 that the apparent concentration of valine in an egg at first cleavage is at least 5-7 x io~3M after 5 min, whereas the concentration in the sea water is 1-4 x IO^M, that is, 40 times less. For ...
Distinct Cellular Expression Pattern of Annexins in Hydra vulgaris
... A hydra has a simple body plan. It is essentially a tube with a head at one end and a foot at the other. The head consists of the hypostome, a domelike mouth structure surrounded by a ring of tentacles. The foot is a disc of cells that secrete a sticky substance which anchors the animal to surfaces. ...
... A hydra has a simple body plan. It is essentially a tube with a head at one end and a foot at the other. The head consists of the hypostome, a domelike mouth structure surrounded by a ring of tentacles. The foot is a disc of cells that secrete a sticky substance which anchors the animal to surfaces. ...
Essays41 Chap03 - Essays in Biochemistry
... easily cover this distance by diffusion, and by use of these substrates it has been found that archaebacterial proteasomes preferentially hydrolyse peptide bonds at the C-terminal side of large hydrophobic amino-acid residues, thus exhibiting chymotrypsin-like specificity. However, within protein su ...
... easily cover this distance by diffusion, and by use of these substrates it has been found that archaebacterial proteasomes preferentially hydrolyse peptide bonds at the C-terminal side of large hydrophobic amino-acid residues, thus exhibiting chymotrypsin-like specificity. However, within protein su ...
Anterior PAR proteins function during cytokinesis and
... from each particular assay was quantified (Total n). These embryos were first divided into groups based on gross embryonic phenotypes observed: wild type (hatched) and unhatched embryos. Unhatched embryos are embryos that did not arrest at the one-cell stage but arrested later in development. Of the ...
... from each particular assay was quantified (Total n). These embryos were first divided into groups based on gross embryonic phenotypes observed: wild type (hatched) and unhatched embryos. Unhatched embryos are embryos that did not arrest at the one-cell stage but arrested later in development. Of the ...
Western et al., 2001 - UBC Blogs
... involves a regulated series of cytological events including growth, cytoplasmic rearrangement, mucilage synthesis, and secondary cell wall production. We have tested the potential of Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells as a model system for the genetic analysis of these processes. A screen for mut ...
... involves a regulated series of cytological events including growth, cytoplasmic rearrangement, mucilage synthesis, and secondary cell wall production. We have tested the potential of Arabidopsis seed coat epidermal cells as a model system for the genetic analysis of these processes. A screen for mut ...
Ionized Intracellular Calcium Concentration Predicts Excitotoxic
... presence of 0.12% of Pluronic 127, followed by another 30 min incubation at 37°C to allow for hydrolysis of the AM ester. All of the other indicators were loaded into the neurons by transient application of patch micropipettes in whole-cell recording configuration. We used 2– 6 MV micropipettes fabr ...
... presence of 0.12% of Pluronic 127, followed by another 30 min incubation at 37°C to allow for hydrolysis of the AM ester. All of the other indicators were loaded into the neurons by transient application of patch micropipettes in whole-cell recording configuration. We used 2– 6 MV micropipettes fabr ...
pdf: Rahman et al. 2007.
... whereas none of the tested concentrations of IAA or of another synthetic auxin, 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), produced steady-state kinetics. On day 3, the sensitivity of root elongation to IAA and 2,4-D was essentially equal, whereas the sensitivity to NAA was lower (Figure 1d). For further work ...
... whereas none of the tested concentrations of IAA or of another synthetic auxin, 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), produced steady-state kinetics. On day 3, the sensitivity of root elongation to IAA and 2,4-D was essentially equal, whereas the sensitivity to NAA was lower (Figure 1d). For further work ...
FtsZ - Cytoskeleton, Inc.
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
Analysis of the Golgi Apparatus in Arabidopsis Seed
... network (TGN) was small, compared with other stages of development (Figure 1B). In many cases, the Golgi appeared cupshaped, with the TGN on the concave surface. During mucilage secretion (7 DPA), seed coat epidermal cells had well-developed, ring-shaped mucilage pockets between the plasma membrane ...
... network (TGN) was small, compared with other stages of development (Figure 1B). In many cases, the Golgi appeared cupshaped, with the TGN on the concave surface. During mucilage secretion (7 DPA), seed coat epidermal cells had well-developed, ring-shaped mucilage pockets between the plasma membrane ...
Plant Cell, 20, 1623-1638. - McGill Biology
... network (TGN) was small, compared with other stages of development (Figure 1B). In many cases, the Golgi appeared cupshaped, with the TGN on the concave surface. During mucilage secretion (7 DPA), seed coat epidermal cells had well-developed, ring-shaped mucilage pockets between the plasma membrane ...
... network (TGN) was small, compared with other stages of development (Figure 1B). In many cases, the Golgi appeared cupshaped, with the TGN on the concave surface. During mucilage secretion (7 DPA), seed coat epidermal cells had well-developed, ring-shaped mucilage pockets between the plasma membrane ...
Exosome Biogenesis, Regulation, and Function in Viral Infection
... sorting in Rab5-positive early endosomes [61] delivers cargo to return to the plasma membrane along fast (Rab4, Rab35) [62] or slow (Rab11a, Rab11b, Rab25) [63,64] recycling processes. Alternatively, Rab5 endosomes acquire Rab7 and release Rab5 by a process called endosome maturation [65,66]. Rab7-c ...
... sorting in Rab5-positive early endosomes [61] delivers cargo to return to the plasma membrane along fast (Rab4, Rab35) [62] or slow (Rab11a, Rab11b, Rab25) [63,64] recycling processes. Alternatively, Rab5 endosomes acquire Rab7 and release Rab5 by a process called endosome maturation [65,66]. Rab7-c ...
... retraction of tailing edge, and movement of cell body [15]. In all of three steps, the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton plays critical roles. The actin cytoskeleton can be regulated at various levels; nucleation, polymerization, capping, severing, bundling, and crosslinking [16,17,18]. Disruptio ...
Mitofilin complexes: conserved organizers of mitochondrial
... contact sites was first proposed by Hackenbrock 1968. In this study, isolated mitochondria were diluted into a buffer of high osmolarity, which leads to the extrusion of water and shrinking of the mitochondrial matrix compartment. Electron microscopy images showed that, under these conditions, the i ...
... contact sites was first proposed by Hackenbrock 1968. In this study, isolated mitochondria were diluted into a buffer of high osmolarity, which leads to the extrusion of water and shrinking of the mitochondrial matrix compartment. Electron microscopy images showed that, under these conditions, the i ...
regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion by
... catalytic activity of PKN (98). The physiological functions of PKN/PRK1 are unknown. PRK2 is an isoform of PKN/PRK1 and appears to associate with GTP·Rac. PRK2 also interacts with Rho, but in a GDP/GTP-independent manner (100, 101). The expression of a kinase-deficient form of PRK2 disrupts actin st ...
... catalytic activity of PKN (98). The physiological functions of PKN/PRK1 are unknown. PRK2 is an isoform of PKN/PRK1 and appears to associate with GTP·Rac. PRK2 also interacts with Rho, but in a GDP/GTP-independent manner (100, 101). The expression of a kinase-deficient form of PRK2 disrupts actin st ...
Monolignol glucosides as intermediate compounds in
... synthesis of coniferin and a slow turnover of this compound (Marcinowski and Grisebach 1977). The concentration of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) is highest at the beginning of May, before the most active lignifying season, June and July, and there ...
... synthesis of coniferin and a slow turnover of this compound (Marcinowski and Grisebach 1977). The concentration of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) is highest at the beginning of May, before the most active lignifying season, June and July, and there ...
Effects of Ammonia and Lactate on Hybridoma Growth, Metabolism
... metabolic deamination of glutamine to glutamate and by the conversion of glutamate to a-ketoglutarate. Concentration of ammonia in cell culture is influenced by the mode of reactor operation, cell and glutamine concentrations, and cellular activities. Although ammonia concentrations of 2-5 mM are ty ...
... metabolic deamination of glutamine to glutamate and by the conversion of glutamate to a-ketoglutarate. Concentration of ammonia in cell culture is influenced by the mode of reactor operation, cell and glutamine concentrations, and cellular activities. Although ammonia concentrations of 2-5 mM are ty ...
Cytolysin-dependent delay of vacuole maturation in
... microbes by phagocytosis. Sequential interactions of the phagosome with the endocytic pathway lead to changes in the lipid and protein composition of its membrane (Desjardins et al., 1994) and generation of molecules important for host defence, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates (S ...
... microbes by phagocytosis. Sequential interactions of the phagosome with the endocytic pathway lead to changes in the lipid and protein composition of its membrane (Desjardins et al., 1994) and generation of molecules important for host defence, including reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates (S ...
PDF - Walter Lab
... was properly saquesterad within yeast mictosomal vesicles, but was not integrated into the lipid bilayer. In marked contrast to protein translocation across mammalian microsomal membranes, translocatlon of prapro-a-factor across yeast microsomal membranes could occur posttranslationally. This reacti ...
... was properly saquesterad within yeast mictosomal vesicles, but was not integrated into the lipid bilayer. In marked contrast to protein translocation across mammalian microsomal membranes, translocatlon of prapro-a-factor across yeast microsomal membranes could occur posttranslationally. This reacti ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.