![The dynamics of plant plasma membrane proteins](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/000477035_1-b16fd772e46d5df22ea1ce33d4c45071-300x300.png)
The dynamics of plant plasma membrane proteins
... levels of plasma membrane proteins. These adjustments involve both vesicular transport to the plasma membrane and protein internalization via endocytic sorting. A substantial part of our current knowledge of plant plasma membrane protein sorting is based on studies of PINFORMED (PIN) auxin transport ...
... levels of plasma membrane proteins. These adjustments involve both vesicular transport to the plasma membrane and protein internalization via endocytic sorting. A substantial part of our current knowledge of plant plasma membrane protein sorting is based on studies of PINFORMED (PIN) auxin transport ...
- RichardWheeler.net
... at the anterior end of the cell, and the base of the flagellum is anchored to the kinetoplast DNA complex. During the course of their life cycle, Leishmania spp. alternate between two morphological forms, the small round amastigote forms, which replicate in the mammalian host, and the elongated prom ...
... at the anterior end of the cell, and the base of the flagellum is anchored to the kinetoplast DNA complex. During the course of their life cycle, Leishmania spp. alternate between two morphological forms, the small round amastigote forms, which replicate in the mammalian host, and the elongated prom ...
Characterization of the Enzymatic Component of the ADP
... proteins caused a breakdown of the actin cytoskeleton in Vero cells. The binding component of iota toxin, Ib, was used to deliver CDTa into the cells. Subconfluently growing Vero cells were incubated with Ib (300 ng/ml) together with the CDTa protein (200 ng/ml) in complete medium at 37°C. For contr ...
... proteins caused a breakdown of the actin cytoskeleton in Vero cells. The binding component of iota toxin, Ib, was used to deliver CDTa into the cells. Subconfluently growing Vero cells were incubated with Ib (300 ng/ml) together with the CDTa protein (200 ng/ml) in complete medium at 37°C. For contr ...
The DsbA Signal Sequence Directs Efficient
... The Escherichia coli cytoplasmic protein thioredoxin 1 can be efficiently exported to the periplasmic space by the signal sequence of the DsbA protein (DsbAss) but not by the signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) or maltose binding protein (MBP). Using mutations of the signal recognition pa ...
... The Escherichia coli cytoplasmic protein thioredoxin 1 can be efficiently exported to the periplasmic space by the signal sequence of the DsbA protein (DsbAss) but not by the signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase (PhoA) or maltose binding protein (MBP). Using mutations of the signal recognition pa ...
Gastrulation: Making and Shaping Germ Layers
... of cell fates along the embryonic axes. These processes occur very early during development when most embryos consist of a relatively small number of morphologically similar cells arranged in simple structures, such as cell balls or sheets, which can be flat or cup shaped. The term gastrulation, deri ...
... of cell fates along the embryonic axes. These processes occur very early during development when most embryos consist of a relatively small number of morphologically similar cells arranged in simple structures, such as cell balls or sheets, which can be flat or cup shaped. The term gastrulation, deri ...
A model of chloroplast growth regulation in mesophyll cells
... constant for all cell plan areas. The third important observation is that irregularly shaped chloroplasts have more scatter, which means that chloroplast geometry matters. Here we propose a mechanism to explain this observed chloroplast growth regulation phenomenon. The ability to sense the collecti ...
... constant for all cell plan areas. The third important observation is that irregularly shaped chloroplasts have more scatter, which means that chloroplast geometry matters. Here we propose a mechanism to explain this observed chloroplast growth regulation phenomenon. The ability to sense the collecti ...
as a PDF
... tissue from anterior to posterior as gastrulation proceeds [8, 11]. The need for reliable coordination of these cell behaviors suggests that several mechanisms must work in concert to control this process. ...
... tissue from anterior to posterior as gastrulation proceeds [8, 11]. The need for reliable coordination of these cell behaviors suggests that several mechanisms must work in concert to control this process. ...
The Role of the Plant Nucleolus in Pre-mRNA Processing
... Nuclear Bodies in Animal Cells The nucleolus is not membrane-bound, has a high relative refractive index and thus appears under phase contrast microscopy as a dense region of the nucleus. It is formed around tens, hundreds or even thousands of tandemly repeated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene units and co ...
... Nuclear Bodies in Animal Cells The nucleolus is not membrane-bound, has a high relative refractive index and thus appears under phase contrast microscopy as a dense region of the nucleus. It is formed around tens, hundreds or even thousands of tandemly repeated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene units and co ...
Calcium diffusion models and transmitter release in
... think of neuron cytoplasm as a single compartment. In that case, a constituent of cytoplasm with regulatory functions, such as calcium or cyclic nucleotides, can be treated as a simple variable controlling a cell function, such as transmitter release or membrane permeability. It is sufficient to rel ...
... think of neuron cytoplasm as a single compartment. In that case, a constituent of cytoplasm with regulatory functions, such as calcium or cyclic nucleotides, can be treated as a simple variable controlling a cell function, such as transmitter release or membrane permeability. It is sufficient to rel ...
Spherical particles of halophilic archaea correlate with exposure to
... exposure to buffered 4 M LiCl (aw 0.73) split cells into spheres within seconds, with concomitant release of several proteins. From one rod, three or four spheres emerged, which re-grew to normal rods in nutrient media. Biochemical properties of rods and spheres were similar, except for a markedly ...
... exposure to buffered 4 M LiCl (aw 0.73) split cells into spheres within seconds, with concomitant release of several proteins. From one rod, three or four spheres emerged, which re-grew to normal rods in nutrient media. Biochemical properties of rods and spheres were similar, except for a markedly ...
Efficient Procedure and Methods to Determine Critical
... named electro-chemotherapy [5-7] and gene electro-transfer [8,9], respectively. In the past decade, non-thermal irreversible electroporation for the ablation of solid tumors has emerged as a new medical application of electroporation technology [3, 10]. In the food and pharmaceutical application, el ...
... named electro-chemotherapy [5-7] and gene electro-transfer [8,9], respectively. In the past decade, non-thermal irreversible electroporation for the ablation of solid tumors has emerged as a new medical application of electroporation technology [3, 10]. In the food and pharmaceutical application, el ...
Kinetic Analysis of the L-type Calcium Current in Enzymatically
... Measurements of calcium and barium currents were carried out with the whole-cell patchclamp technique (Hamill et al. 1981). The isolated ventricular myocytes were transferred to an experimental chamber containing a Na + - and K + -free Tyrode solution and placed on the stage of an inverted microscop ...
... Measurements of calcium and barium currents were carried out with the whole-cell patchclamp technique (Hamill et al. 1981). The isolated ventricular myocytes were transferred to an experimental chamber containing a Na + - and K + -free Tyrode solution and placed on the stage of an inverted microscop ...
Cytoskeleton: What Does GTP Do for Septins? Dispatch
... small GTPases [2,5], and analysis of isolated septin complexes from cells and Drosophila embryos showed that each septin subunit indeed binds a molecule of guanine nucleotide [6,7]. For all GTPases, understanding their biochemistry has hinged on understanding the role of GTP binding and hydrolysis, ...
... small GTPases [2,5], and analysis of isolated septin complexes from cells and Drosophila embryos showed that each septin subunit indeed binds a molecule of guanine nucleotide [6,7]. For all GTPases, understanding their biochemistry has hinged on understanding the role of GTP binding and hydrolysis, ...
Phosphatidylcholine traffic to the vacuole
... and significance of non-random lipid distributions within cells, the dynamic processes involved in generating and maintaining this level of organization remain poorly understood. Historically, fractionation studies have proven informative by establishing the steady-state distribution of lipids both ...
... and significance of non-random lipid distributions within cells, the dynamic processes involved in generating and maintaining this level of organization remain poorly understood. Historically, fractionation studies have proven informative by establishing the steady-state distribution of lipids both ...
Evidence for an Outer Membrane
... mechanism by which this enzyme is released from the cell and the potential role of the cell envelope in the process are not yet understood. ...
... mechanism by which this enzyme is released from the cell and the potential role of the cell envelope in the process are not yet understood. ...
The linkage between cell wall metabolism and fruit
... We focus on tomato in this review because it represents the predominant model for studying fruit ripening,5 it has been employed in studies emphasising the use of transgenes since the 1980s, and probably more is known about the structure and metabolism of cell walls from tomato fruit than those of a ...
... We focus on tomato in this review because it represents the predominant model for studying fruit ripening,5 it has been employed in studies emphasising the use of transgenes since the 1980s, and probably more is known about the structure and metabolism of cell walls from tomato fruit than those of a ...
Fatty acid
... • Steroids have a ring structure rather than linear • They are based mainly on the cholesterol molecule which is one reason you can not completely cut cholesterol out of your diet • As you saw before, many steroids act as hormones and small changes in structure can mean a big difference in function ...
... • Steroids have a ring structure rather than linear • They are based mainly on the cholesterol molecule which is one reason you can not completely cut cholesterol out of your diet • As you saw before, many steroids act as hormones and small changes in structure can mean a big difference in function ...
Regulation of the Eukaryotic Redox-State through - diss.fu
... The origin of life is thought to be based on the formation of compartmentalized autocatalytic chemical cycles. Over time and with the appearance of catalytical biopolymers (ribonucleic acid- or protein-based enzymes), these chemical cycles gained complexity resulting in the evolution of modern metab ...
... The origin of life is thought to be based on the formation of compartmentalized autocatalytic chemical cycles. Over time and with the appearance of catalytical biopolymers (ribonucleic acid- or protein-based enzymes), these chemical cycles gained complexity resulting in the evolution of modern metab ...
Mitochondria in lung biology and pathology: more than - AJP-Lung
... particularly mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) (10, 44). Instead of compaction within a nucleosome context, a single molecule of mtDNA is associated with ⬃30 core proteins in a structure known as the nucleoid. Most if not all of the enzymes needed for mtDNA replication and mtRNA expression ...
... particularly mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) (10, 44). Instead of compaction within a nucleosome context, a single molecule of mtDNA is associated with ⬃30 core proteins in a structure known as the nucleoid. Most if not all of the enzymes needed for mtDNA replication and mtRNA expression ...
Protein Synthesis within Dendrites: Glycosylation
... of the RER and the GA is not known. There also is immunocytochemical evidence that RER proteins and GA markers are present in the dendrites of some cell types (De Camilli et al., 1986; Takei et al., 1992; Villa et al., 1992; Lowenstein et al., 1994). However, it is not known whether these organelles ...
... of the RER and the GA is not known. There also is immunocytochemical evidence that RER proteins and GA markers are present in the dendrites of some cell types (De Camilli et al., 1986; Takei et al., 1992; Villa et al., 1992; Lowenstein et al., 1994). However, it is not known whether these organelles ...
Developmental Changes in the Subcellular Localization of Calretinin
... detectable at E10 but increased dramatically by E13 and continued to increase until E18. To perform single-cell analysis and determine the subcellular location of calretinin, we used immunofluorescence labeling of calretinin in NM slices, together with confocal microscopy. To our surprise, the subce ...
... detectable at E10 but increased dramatically by E13 and continued to increase until E18. To perform single-cell analysis and determine the subcellular location of calretinin, we used immunofluorescence labeling of calretinin in NM slices, together with confocal microscopy. To our surprise, the subce ...
The cell walls of streptococci
... The methods developed by Salton (1953)made possible the study of the cell-wall composition as a relatively simple procedure and recent work by others has suggested that cell-wall composition may be of use in classifying streptococci (Roberts & Stewart, 1961 ; Slade & Slamp, 1962). As part of a gener ...
... The methods developed by Salton (1953)made possible the study of the cell-wall composition as a relatively simple procedure and recent work by others has suggested that cell-wall composition may be of use in classifying streptococci (Roberts & Stewart, 1961 ; Slade & Slamp, 1962). As part of a gener ...
Tubular reabsorption
... reduce the amount of sodium that can be transported across the basolateral membranes by the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. ...
... reduce the amount of sodium that can be transported across the basolateral membranes by the sodium-potassium ATPase pump. ...
1. (a) cells if more than one box is ticked, award no mark 1 (b) tail 1
... it stops blood getting to the organ accept ‘it blocks the blood vessel’ accept ‘it causes a heart attack’ or ‘a stroke’ or ‘thrombosis’ accept ‘it stops the flow of blood’ or ‘it stops blood flowing around the body’ ‘you would die’ is insufficient ...
... it stops blood getting to the organ accept ‘it blocks the blood vessel’ accept ‘it causes a heart attack’ or ‘a stroke’ or ‘thrombosis’ accept ‘it stops the flow of blood’ or ‘it stops blood flowing around the body’ ‘you would die’ is insufficient ...
Cytosol
![](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Crowded_cytosol.png?width=300)
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.