Functional ultrastructure of the plant nucleolus
... eukaryotic cells. They not only specialize in the production of ribosomal subunits but also play roles in many fundamental cellular activities. Concerning ribosome biosynthesis, particular stages of this process, i.e., ribosomal DNA transcription, primary RNA transcript processing, and ribosome asse ...
... eukaryotic cells. They not only specialize in the production of ribosomal subunits but also play roles in many fundamental cellular activities. Concerning ribosome biosynthesis, particular stages of this process, i.e., ribosomal DNA transcription, primary RNA transcript processing, and ribosome asse ...
Multiple Roles of the Cytoskeleton in Bacterial Autophagy
... chain 3 (LC3) or c-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) subfamilies, and by interacting with an extensive repertoire of proteins, they have important roles in mediating membrane-remodelling processes. Autophagy can be a general, nonselective recycling pathway activated by nutrient ...
... chain 3 (LC3) or c-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) subfamilies, and by interacting with an extensive repertoire of proteins, they have important roles in mediating membrane-remodelling processes. Autophagy can be a general, nonselective recycling pathway activated by nutrient ...
ภาพนิ่ง 1
... ABA seems to be able to act via one or more calcium-independent pathways. A raise in cytosolic pH can lead to the activation of outward K+ channels, and one effectof the abi1 mutation is to render these K+ channels insensitive to pH. ...
... ABA seems to be able to act via one or more calcium-independent pathways. A raise in cytosolic pH can lead to the activation of outward K+ channels, and one effectof the abi1 mutation is to render these K+ channels insensitive to pH. ...
1 - Utrecht University Repository
... Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors, which integrate the interior of the cell with the cell environment. Integrins mediate cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and to other cells. Integrins are connected to the cytoskeleton, and regulate several signal transduction pa ...
... Integrins are heterodimeric transmembrane receptors, which integrate the interior of the cell with the cell environment. Integrins mediate cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and to other cells. Integrins are connected to the cytoskeleton, and regulate several signal transduction pa ...
The Pathogen-Actin Connection: A Platform for Defense Signaling in
... Access provided by Michigan State University Library on 07/06/16. For personal use only. ...
... Access provided by Michigan State University Library on 07/06/16. For personal use only. ...
Intraflagellar transport and the generation of dynamic, structurally
... Cilia are organelles that project from most eukaryotic organisms and cell types. Their pervasiveness stems from having remarkably versatile propulsive and sensory functions, which in humans are recognized to have essential roles in physiology and development. Underappreciated, however, are their div ...
... Cilia are organelles that project from most eukaryotic organisms and cell types. Their pervasiveness stems from having remarkably versatile propulsive and sensory functions, which in humans are recognized to have essential roles in physiology and development. Underappreciated, however, are their div ...
Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism
... pools in response to proteasome inhibition118, which is consistent with findings showing that proteasomes are critical for protein synthesis as they maintain amino acid levels119. Alternatively, proteasome activation can suppress autophagy by increasing amino acid levels and constitutively activatin ...
... pools in response to proteasome inhibition118, which is consistent with findings showing that proteasomes are critical for protein synthesis as they maintain amino acid levels119. Alternatively, proteasome activation can suppress autophagy by increasing amino acid levels and constitutively activatin ...
Transcriptional regulation of mammalian autophagy at a glance
... BNIP3, and was also shown to indirectly regulate the transcription of ATG5 (Polager et al., 2008) (see poster). BNIP3 acts as a positive regulator of autophagy by disrupting the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-mediated inhibition of beclin 1 (Tracy et al., 2007). Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer o ...
... BNIP3, and was also shown to indirectly regulate the transcription of ATG5 (Polager et al., 2008) (see poster). BNIP3 acts as a positive regulator of autophagy by disrupting the B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-mediated inhibition of beclin 1 (Tracy et al., 2007). Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer o ...
Dissociation of a ll0-kD Peripheral Membrane Protein from the Golgi
... the distribution of two reported peripheral Golgi membrane proteins of 54,000 and 86,000 Mr recognized by the mAb 6F4C5 (Chicbeportiche et al., 1984) is shown in Fig. 2. Immunofluorescence staining of one or both of these proteins was superimposable with staining of Man IT fluorescence in control ce ...
... the distribution of two reported peripheral Golgi membrane proteins of 54,000 and 86,000 Mr recognized by the mAb 6F4C5 (Chicbeportiche et al., 1984) is shown in Fig. 2. Immunofluorescence staining of one or both of these proteins was superimposable with staining of Man IT fluorescence in control ce ...
Dishevelled: at the crossroads of divergent
... contain PDZ domains which can bind to a conserved stretch of amino acids at the C-termini of receptors or form homotypic complexes with other PDZ domains. Multi-domain PDZ domain proteins have been proposed to integrate signaling molecules into larger complexes. For instance, InaD and GRIP can clust ...
... contain PDZ domains which can bind to a conserved stretch of amino acids at the C-termini of receptors or form homotypic complexes with other PDZ domains. Multi-domain PDZ domain proteins have been proposed to integrate signaling molecules into larger complexes. For instance, InaD and GRIP can clust ...
Classes of programmed cell death in plants
... 2011). The cytoplasm thereby becomes replaced by vacuolar volume. Considerable numbers of cytoplasmic organelles, in particular, plastids, ribosomes, ER membranes, and peroxisomes, disappear during this process. These changes are very similar to autophagy in animal and yeast cells, although it is no ...
... 2011). The cytoplasm thereby becomes replaced by vacuolar volume. Considerable numbers of cytoplasmic organelles, in particular, plastids, ribosomes, ER membranes, and peroxisomes, disappear during this process. These changes are very similar to autophagy in animal and yeast cells, although it is no ...
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 9e (Marieb)
... 12) The rod-shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other and internally are made up of fine microtubing called __________. Answer: centrioles Diff: 2 ...
... 12) The rod-shaped bodies that lie at right angles to each other and internally are made up of fine microtubing called __________. Answer: centrioles Diff: 2 ...
Isoform 5 of PIPKIc regulates the endosomal trafficking and
... has focused on defining the cellular pathways that remove Ecadherin from the cell surface and promote its degradation in the lysosome, as this process is a direct contributor to the loss of cellular polarization observed during the epithelial-tomesenchymal transition (EMT) (Giehl and Menke, 2008; Gu ...
... has focused on defining the cellular pathways that remove Ecadherin from the cell surface and promote its degradation in the lysosome, as this process is a direct contributor to the loss of cellular polarization observed during the epithelial-tomesenchymal transition (EMT) (Giehl and Menke, 2008; Gu ...
Caspary T, Larkins CE, Anderson KV. Dev Cell. 2007 May;12(5):767-78. The graded response to Sonic Hedgehog depends on cilia architecture.
... are enriched in cilia. Smoothened (Smo), a transmembrane protein that is essential for Hh signaling, is enriched in the cilia of Hh responding cells in the mouse embryo (Corbit et al., 2005). The Gli transcription factors are the effectors of vertebrate Hh signaling. Overexpressed Gli1, Gli2, and Gl ...
... are enriched in cilia. Smoothened (Smo), a transmembrane protein that is essential for Hh signaling, is enriched in the cilia of Hh responding cells in the mouse embryo (Corbit et al., 2005). The Gli transcription factors are the effectors of vertebrate Hh signaling. Overexpressed Gli1, Gli2, and Gl ...
Ornithodoros savignyi CHAPTER 2 SIGNALING PATHWAYS REGULATING PROTEIN SECRETION FROM
... SDS-PAGE analysis of the secreted proteins showed variable results in response to different agonists. The highest number of proteins was detected from ticks in the earliest stages of feeding. In some ticks, proteins were identified at one collection time but not at another time in secretions from th ...
... SDS-PAGE analysis of the secreted proteins showed variable results in response to different agonists. The highest number of proteins was detected from ticks in the earliest stages of feeding. In some ticks, proteins were identified at one collection time but not at another time in secretions from th ...
PDF
... Fig. 1. Distribution of GFP-SmB during Drosophila oogenesis. The egg chamber is made up of a germline cyst surrounded by a monolayer of somatic follicle cells. Owing to incomplete cytokinesis, the cystocysts remain connected to each other through specialised cytoplasmic bridges. The oocyte is specif ...
... Fig. 1. Distribution of GFP-SmB during Drosophila oogenesis. The egg chamber is made up of a germline cyst surrounded by a monolayer of somatic follicle cells. Owing to incomplete cytokinesis, the cystocysts remain connected to each other through specialised cytoplasmic bridges. The oocyte is specif ...
Application of Metal Coordination Chemistry To Explore
... inorganic chemical biology, with a particular focus on applications related to cellular trafficking and regulation. We will delve into the structure, bonding, spectroscopy, and reactivity of transition metal coordination compounds and explore how their unique properties can be used as probes and too ...
... inorganic chemical biology, with a particular focus on applications related to cellular trafficking and regulation. We will delve into the structure, bonding, spectroscopy, and reactivity of transition metal coordination compounds and explore how their unique properties can be used as probes and too ...
OPTIMISATION OF CHO CELL GROWTH AND
... was not possible in its absence. Pluronic F68, alone or in combination with a lipid mixture or linoleic acid, was able to restore cell growth in low BSA (1 mg/ml) cultures. However, JFN-y production was significantly reduced and the extent of IFN-y glycosylation also changed. These effects were rela ...
... was not possible in its absence. Pluronic F68, alone or in combination with a lipid mixture or linoleic acid, was able to restore cell growth in low BSA (1 mg/ml) cultures. However, JFN-y production was significantly reduced and the extent of IFN-y glycosylation also changed. These effects were rela ...
Autophagy regulation by nutrient signaling
... 28]; and sixth, ATG9a (a multi-spanning transmembrane protein), the only transmembrane protein among the ATG proteins [29]. The last group also includes the transmembrane protein vacuole membrane protein 1, which is not an ATG protein but is required for autophagy in mammals [30, 31]. The ATG protei ...
... 28]; and sixth, ATG9a (a multi-spanning transmembrane protein), the only transmembrane protein among the ATG proteins [29]. The last group also includes the transmembrane protein vacuole membrane protein 1, which is not an ATG protein but is required for autophagy in mammals [30, 31]. The ATG protei ...
Storage lipids of yeasts: a survey of nonpolar lipid metabolism in
... The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a well-established and reliable model organism to study lipid biology and biochemistry, because lipid biosynthetic routes in this microorganism are similar to higher eukaryotes, for example, plants and mammals. Similar to other eukaryotic cells, the yeast needs ...
... The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a well-established and reliable model organism to study lipid biology and biochemistry, because lipid biosynthetic routes in this microorganism are similar to higher eukaryotes, for example, plants and mammals. Similar to other eukaryotic cells, the yeast needs ...
Endoplasmic reticulum potassium–hydrogen exchanger and small
... Calcium pumping into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen is thought to be coupled to a countertransport of protons through sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) and the members of the ClC family of chloride channels. However, pH in the ER lumen remains neutral, which suggests a ...
... Calcium pumping into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen is thought to be coupled to a countertransport of protons through sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) and the members of the ClC family of chloride channels. However, pH in the ER lumen remains neutral, which suggests a ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics
... localizes to the inner surface of the cell membrane at division sites, where it forms a ring structure (Z ring) that enables constriction and scission of the parent into two daughter cells. FtsZ is a GTPase, which can hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate to provide a source of energy. However, it is tho ...
... localizes to the inner surface of the cell membrane at division sites, where it forms a ring structure (Z ring) that enables constriction and scission of the parent into two daughter cells. FtsZ is a GTPase, which can hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate to provide a source of energy. However, it is tho ...
β-catenin: a key mediator of Wnt signaling Karl
... in some of these cell lines the increased stability can be attributed to point mutations in β-catenin that change the serine and threonine residues, thereby blocking its phosphorylation and subsequent degradation [31•,32•]. Presently, at least two proteins are known to directly affect the stability ...
... in some of these cell lines the increased stability can be attributed to point mutations in β-catenin that change the serine and threonine residues, thereby blocking its phosphorylation and subsequent degradation [31•,32•]. Presently, at least two proteins are known to directly affect the stability ...
Logistics of water and salt transport through the plant
... PD, electric potential difference; SKOR, stelar potassium outward rectifying channel; TRP, trans-root potential. ...
... PD, electric potential difference; SKOR, stelar potassium outward rectifying channel; TRP, trans-root potential. ...
Cytosol
The cytosol or intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix is the liquid found inside cells. It is separated into compartments by membranes. For example, the mitochondrial matrix separates the mitochondrion into many compartments.In the eukaryotic cell, the cytosol is within the cell membrane and is part of the cytoplasm, which also comprises the mitochondria, plastids, and other organelles (but not their internal fluids and structures); the cell nucleus is separate. In prokaryotes, most of the chemical reactions of metabolism take place in the cytosol, while a few take place in membranes or in the periplasmic space. In eukaryotes, while many metabolic pathways still occur in the cytosol, others are contained within organelles.The cytosol is a complex mixture of substances dissolved in water. Although water forms the large majority of the cytosol, its structure and properties within cells is not well understood. The concentrations of ions such as sodium and potassium are different in the cytosol than in the extracellular fluid; these differences in ion levels are important in processes such as osmoregulation, cell signaling, and the generation of action potentials in excitable cells such as endocrine, nerve and muscle cells. The cytosol also contains large amounts of macromolecules, which can alter how molecules behave, through macromolecular crowding.Although it was once thought to be a simple solution of molecules, the cytosol has multiple levels of organization. These include concentration gradients of small molecules such as calcium, large complexes of enzymes that act together to carry out metabolic pathways, and protein complexes such as proteasomes and carboxysomes that enclose and separate parts of the cytosol.