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CELLS
Cell Structure and
Function
Cinda Sheldon
SIZE COMPARISONS

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REPRESENTS 10 MICRONS
0.5-.05 microns-VIRUS
O.5-1.5 microns-BACTERIA
5 microns-RED BLOOD CELL
5-8 microns-LYMPHOCYTE
60 microns-HUMAN SPERM
Cinda Sheldon
CELL STRUCTURE
 GET
OUT
YOUR
COLORED
PENCILS
Cinda Sheldon
Prokaryotic Cell (bacteria)

No true nucleus
Cinda Sheldon
Nucleoid

Coiled DNA-not in a membrane
Cinda Sheldon
Capsule

Sticky, helps
the cell
adhere to
surfaces
Cinda Sheldon
Prokaryotic

Here’s
streptococcus,
anthrax, and
meningitis
bacteria
Cinda Sheldon
Eukaryotic

DO HAVE A TRUE
NUCLEUS
WITH A MEMBRANE
– Plants
– Animals
– Fungi
– Protists
Cinda Sheldon
Eukaryotic Cells

Have a true nucleus bound by a
membrane

Cinda Sheldon
EUKARYOTIC CELLS

You will make
an edible cell
model block
day – Nov. 29
+ 30
Cinda Sheldon
NUCLEUS
 Houses
the
genetic
material:
DNA
 Control
center
Cinda Sheldon
The Nucleus

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Nuclear
Envelope-double
membrane with
pores to let
materials in and
out
DNA
 Chromatin
= DNA
attached to
protein as
long, thin
fibers
Cinda Sheldon
Nucleus
Cinda Sheldon
How Are They Related?
 Chromatin-

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loose-made of
DNA, RNA, and
proteins
Chromosomes
-compact, tightwhen cell is
going to divide
Chromosome

Coiled up
chromatin
Cinda Sheldon
Nucleolus
LOCATION:
 small dark area inside the
nucleus
 FUNCTION:
 makes ribosomes

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Go Bucks! We Beat Michigan!
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Plasma Membrane
LOCATION: Surrounds the cell
 FUNCTION: Sets off the cell
from its environment
 Controls what
goes in/out of
the cell

Cinda Sheldon
PLASMA MEMBRANE
Double Membrane
Material Exits the Membrane Protein Channel
Animation
Cinda Sheldon
Pili
Short projections of membrane
 Help hold onto surfaces

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Flagella
Longer
Projections
 Propel
through
water

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Flagellum
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9 + 2 arrangement


* a cylindrical array of
9 filaments
* a pair of single
microtubules running
up through the center
of the bundle
Cinda Sheldon
Cilia


Shorter
Projections
Usually many of
them
Cinda Sheldon
How do they move?

Flagella and Cilia Animation (Click)
Cinda Sheldon
Cell Wall
Protects cell
 helps it maintain
its shape
 Outside the
cell membrane

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CELL WALL: only in plant
cells + prokaryotes
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Capsule
Sticky outer coat
 Helps glue it to surfaces (like
sticks, rocks, human tissue)
 Only in prokaryotes (bacteria)

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Capsule
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Cytoplasm
Fluid filled
region
between the
plasma
membrane
and nucleus
 (jello)

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Organelles
“little organs”
 most are membranous

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What goes on in them?

Cellular
metabolism
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
Chemical
activities of
the cell
What advantage is having
organelles?

Separate the
chemicals of
cellular
metabolism
(some may be
toxic)
Cinda Sheldon
Increases the
membrane
surface area
 (this is where
most
processes
occur)

Ribosomes
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Small (21-25
nm)
assemble
amino acids
into
polypeptides
(protein)
Cinda Sheldon
RIBOSOMES
 Assembles
the proteins
 Has two
subunits
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Ribosome
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Endomembrane System

(Organelles that are formed by
membranes)
– endoplasmic reticulum
– Golgi apparatus
– lysosomes
– vacuoles
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Channels
within the
cell
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ER
 SMOOTH
ER = Has no
ribosomes
embedded in
it
 Makes lipids
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Channels to
bring
materials to
ribosomes
 Assemble
proteins

Cinda Sheldon
 ROUGH
ER
= has
ribosomes
embedded in it
Rough ER
Cinda Sheldon
Path of Proteins
ER collects proteins
 creates a bubble around it
(transport vesicle)
 then to cell membrane or the
Golgi apparatus

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Cinda Sheldon
GOLGI COMPLEX
(Golgi apparatus, Golgi
Bodies)
 Sacs are not
 Looks like
interconnected flattened
stacks of
pita bread
Cinda Sheldon
Golgi Apparatus

“Molecular
 Repackage
warehouse
and finishing proteins
factory”
Cinda Sheldon
Golgi apparatus
Also known as
Golgi body
Golgi complex
Cinda Sheldon
Making A Golgi Vesicle
Cinda Sheldon
Vesicle Animations (Click)

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Vesicle Budding and Fusing
vesicle animation Push the finger to the
vesicle
Rediscovering Biology - Unit 10
Neurobiology: Animations and Images
(click on synaptic vesicles)
Cinda Sheldon
Golgi Bodies
Making vesicles to carry out
repackaged proteins
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LYSOSOME
Vesicles that package the
enzymes that break up large
molecules.
 “clean-up crew”

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Breakin’ it Down

WHAT? Food + damaged
organelles + bacteria
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LYSOSOMES

Lysosome Animations

HOW DO THEY FORM?
WHAT IS THEIR JOB?
Cinda Sheldon
Peroxisomes
Form in an
oxygen –rich
environment
 (adds H to O to
make H2O2,
hydrogen
peroxide)

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VACUOLES: Food or Water

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contain water
and/or storage
materials
Food Vacuole (b) in Amoeba
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Food Vacuole Movies


Phagocytosis (click)
phagocytosis movie (click)
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VACUOLES
Vacuoles are usually larger
than vesicles + lysosomes
 Largest structure in a plant
cell
 Smaller in animal cells

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Central Vacuole in Plants
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Full and Not Full Vacuoles
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Contractile Vacuole
Collect water and expel it to the
outside
 (click)Click on Contractile
Vacuole of Paramecium

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CHLOROPLASTS
 Only
in
plants
 green
Cinda Sheldon
CHLOROPLASTS
Convert light energy
to chemical energy
(sugars)
 WHERE
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
TAKES PLACE

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Chloroplast
Granum =
stack of disks
where
chloroplasts
store energy
 stroma=area
between
grana

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MITOCHONDRIA

“cellular
respiration”
here

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Note the inner
folded area to
increase
surface area
“powerhouse”
(break down
fuel for energy)
MITOCHONDRIA
“cell’s powerhouse”
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Mitochondria

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Combines
food with
oxygen to
release
energy (such
as ATP)
Mitochondrion (note folds)
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Cytoskeleton
Support
 frame work
for the
 cell

Cinda Sheldon
Cytoskeleton
Cinda Sheldon
Cytoskeleton

Microtubules
20
to 25 nanometers

Microfilament
to 6 nanometers
Found in both
Plants and
animals

Cinda Sheldon
3
Microtubule
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Actin stretching fibers

In muscles
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Conveyor Belts in the cell
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Actin (red)
Microtubules (green)
Cinda Sheldon
Cytoskeleton: Centrioles
 Only
in animal cells
 Used in cell division (act as
poles)
Cinda Sheldon
Centrioles
Found
perpendicular in
pairs
Cinda Sheldon
Microfilaments + Tubules
“cytoskeleton”
Cinda Sheldon
Cinda Sheldon
Name the Organelles
Cinda Sheldon
Interactive Cells

Cell Models: An Interactive Animation
(click)

A Typical Animal Cell - Learning Activity
- Fla - Flash Player Installation (click)
Cinda Sheldon
Cell Junctions
Structures that hold the cells
together:
 Plant cells = plasmodesma
 Animal cells = extracellular
matrix

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“holes in the wall”
 Plasmodesma
 (plural)
=
Holes that
allow water to
pass through
Cinda Sheldon
Note the channels between
cells
Plasmodesmata (sing.)
Cinda Sheldon
Extracellular Matrix
Some
anchor,
communicate
with other
cells, or offer
leakproof
covering
Cinda Sheldon
Name
the
parts
Cinda Sheldon