Download EOC Review Concepts - Mercer Island School District

Biology Concepts for the End of Course Exam (EOC)
Directions: Use these concepts to help you study for the exam. The starred concepts (**) are the most important to
study.
1st Semester
Scientific Method (Chapter 1): More will be covered separately. The EOC is very scientific method focused.
Understand and apply the following:
1. **Be able to identify and apply: Manipulated and responding variables, experimental controls, graphs, data
tables, good aspects of a scientific experiment.
Ecology (Chapter 13, 14)
Understand and apply the following:
1. Biotic vs. Abiotic factors.
2. **Trophic levels (primary, secondary, tertiary), Food chains and food webs.
3. **Energy pyramid and why energy decreases up a food chain.
4. Symbiotic relationships (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism).
5. **Nutrient cycles (carbon, water, nitrogen)
6. Eutrophication and bioaccumulation.
Evolution (Chapter 10, 11, 12)
Understand and apply:
1. Basic sequence (not dates) of major geologic (formation of Earth, first oceans, oxygen build up) and biologic
events (first life, photosynthetic bacteria, multicellular organisms, land plants, land animals, mammals).
2. **Mechanism for Natural Selection.
3. Divergent versus convergent evolution and its relation to homologous versus analogous structures.
4. **How the following provides evidence for evolution: DNA and protein similarities, embryological development,
fossil record, vestigial structures, homologous structures.
Biomolecules and Enzymes (Chapter 2)
Biomolecules
1. **What are the 4 basic biomolecules and what are their main functions in organisms?
2. Be familiar with their structures of each biomolecule and what their subunits are.
3. Which biomolecule can store the most amount of energy and why?
Enzymes
1. **What are the functions of enzymes?
2. What are enzymes made of and how does the shape of an enzyme play a role in its function?
3. How do enzymes aid in chemical reactions?
4. Know their basic properties and structure (catalysts, re-usable, specifically shaped, activation site).
5. How does temperature, pH, and concentration affect the rate of reaction of enzymes and why?
Cells and Cell Transport (Chapter 3)
1. Structures and Function of Cells- Know the function of each and be able to label a drawing of a cell.
nucleus
nucleolus
chromosomes
cytoplasm
cell membrane
cell wall
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi bodies
DNA
mitochondria
mRNA
vacuoles
chloroplast
Protein
2. **Know the difference between plant and animal cells.
3.Understand the hierarchy of cells(what makes up what) - tissues  organs  organ systems
4.Know the structure of the cell membrane and how it performs its main functions.
4.Know the difference between passive and active transport and provide examples of each.
5.Know and apply these terms and how they are related to diffusion:
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
diffusion
Osmosis
passive transport
Active Transport
Facilitated diffusion
equilibrium
Turgor Pressure
6. **What is homeostasis and how does the cell membrane help maintain homeostasis?
2nd Semester Concepts for EOC
Energy (ATP, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration) –Chapter 4
1.** The purpose of Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. How are they related? How are they different?
2. Know and write the balanced chemical equations for cellular respiration and photosynthesis. What are the end/waste
products of respiration and photosynthesis?
3. **How does ATP store energy? How is it used to release energy? Where is the energy stored in an ATP molecule?
4. What do the words “photo” and “synthesis” mean in photosynthesis? How can they be used to explain the two steps
of photosynthesis?
5. What is the purpose of Chlorophyll and why does it look green?
6. Which organisms carry out photosynthesis? Respiration?
7. When does fermentation occur? What are the two types of fermentation? Their end products?
8. **Where does the energy from glucose come from to convert ADP to ATP? In other words, how is energy released
from glucose- where does glucose store the energy?
Cell Division- Chapter
1. **When does a cell go through cell division?
2. What does a cell need to do to prepare for mitosis?
3. Why is it important that the cell copies its DNA accurately before it divides (especially in early development)?
Genetics and Meiosis- Chapter 6
1. Where are genes located? What are alleles?
2. ** What is Meiosis? Be able to identify the stages and explain how it creates great genetic diversity.
3. **What is the advantage to genetic diversity among a population?
4. Be able to identify the following patterns of inheritance and predict genotypic and phenotypic frequencies for:
dominant and recessive traits, incomplete dominance, and co-dominance.
DNA/Protein Synthesis/Mutations – Chapter 8
DNA molecule and Replication 1. What is the relationship between DNA, genes, chromosomes and the nucleus?
2. What is the structure of DNA? How does the structure allow the DNA to be easily copied and read to make proteins?
3. What provides the” genetic code” in each organism?
4. ** What is a gene and how do your genes regulate cellular activities?
5.** If almost all cells in an organism are genetically identical, what allows each cell type to perform different functions
(example: your skin cell versus your brain cell)?
Protein synthesis –
6. What are three differences between DNA and RNA?
7. ** What basically happens in transcription and translation?
8. What is a codon and how are they used to make protein?
Mutations –
9. **What is the difference between a point mutation and a frameshift mutation? Which causes more problems in
terms of reading the genetic code?
Body Systems –Chapter 28-32:
1. **What is the main function of the following body systems: Digestive System, Circulatory System, Respiratory System,
Muscular and Skeletal System, immune system, and the endocrine system?
2. Why does your body increase temperature, lose water, lose glucose and oxygen in the blood, and increase carbon
dioxide levels in the blood when you exercise?
3. **How does your body respond to maintain homeostasis during exercising? Be specific to address the following:
-reduce your body temperature after exercising?
-Regulate water balance after sweating?
-provide a balance of nutrients (like glucose) in your blood when exercising?
-regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood
4. **What are negative and positive feedback loops? Provide examples of each.