Download Learning Outcomes - Earlston High School

National 4 & 5 Biology Learning Outcomes
Unit 1: Cell Structure
Learning Outcomes
I know:
The difference between unicellular and multi-cellular
How to draw and label a plant and animal cell
How to describe the functions of all the parts of a plant
and animal cell:
cell membrane, cell wall, vacuole, chloroplasts, ribosome,
mitochondria, nucleus and cytoplasm
How to label the parts of a microscope and how to use a
microscope correctly
How to prepare slides for a microscope
Why staining samples when preparing slides is important
That the cell membrane is made up of fat (lipids) and
proteins
The cell membrane is called the fluid mosaic model
The definition of diffusion: molecules moving from an area
of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Examples of diffusion in living organisms like: glucose
molecules, oxygen and carbon dioxide
The definition of osmosis: movement of water molecules
from a region of high water concentration to a region of low
water concentration through a selectively permeable
membrane.
That when a plant cell gains water it becomes turgid and
when it loses water it is said to be plasmolysed
That when an animal cell gains water it bursts because it
has no cell wall to support it and when it loses water it
shrinks
That active transport means molecules go through the cell
membrane with the help of carriers and pumps. It occurs
against the concentration gradient and requires energy
Confidence in
this:
Unit 2: Cell Division
Learning Outcomes
I know:
During sexual reproduction the sperm and egg (gametes)
fuse to form a zygote
Sexual reproduction maintains genetic variation within the
population
A diploid cell is a normal cell that has all the chromosomes
needed to function E.g. all cells in a human body
A haploid cell has a single set of chromosomes – sperm or
egg.
Cell division takes place all over the body in animals
Cell division in plants takes place only in the MERISTEMS
(root and shoot tips).
There are 46 chromosomes that can be arranged into 23
pairs.
All 6 stages of Mitosis diagrams and descriptions.
Regeneration is the process by which an organism replaces
lost or damaged parts.
Plants have huge powers of regeneration due to growing in
just meristems. Horticulturists use this to their advantage
and call it vegetative propagation
Mammals have limited regeneration properties. They can
heal wounds and bones, replace blood that has been lost and
heal a damaged liver
Some animals like salamanders and starfish can grow back
limbs.
Confidence in
this:
Unit 3: DNA to Proteins
Learning Outcomes
I know:
Chromosomes contain DNA which are grouped into genes.
They are found in the nucleus of a cell.
DNA is a Double-stranded molecule that has two singlestrands wound around each other. This shape is called a
double helix.
Each strand is made up from a repeating basic unit called a
nucleotide:
- Phosphate.
- Deoxyribose sugar
- A base
Only certain bases can pair together when DNA is
forming a double strand:
Adenine
=
Thymine
Guanine
=
Cytosine
The order of bases is called the genetic code. The code is
actually a ‘recipe’ for protein production.
The bases of DNA are grouped in threes, these are called
triplets, each triplet codes for a specific amino acid.
The information contained in the DNA code is collected and
taken out of the nucleus by the messenger mRNA.
The nucleotides and are slightly different from DNA
nucleotides:
- There is only one strand of mRNA
- Deoxyribose is replaced with ribose sugar
The mRNA leaves the nucleus, it becomes attached to a
ribosome. The amino acids are then joined together by
peptide bonds to form proteins.
If the polypeptide chains form parallel strands, fibrous
proteins are formed E.g. Keratin it is very Strong and
Provides protection
If they become tangled up to form a spherical shape,
globular proteins are formed E.g. enzymes, hormones and
antibodies.
Confidence in
this:
Unit 4: Enzymes in Action
Learning Outcomes
I can:
State the function of a catalyst.
Describe what enzymes are.
Explain why enzymes are required for the functioning of
living cells.
State whether enzymes are changed by the reaction or not
Describe an example of a breakdown reaction controlled by
an enzyme.
Describe an example of a synthesis reaction controlled by
an enzyme.
State what type of compound enzymes are.
Describe the effect of temperature on enzyme activity.
Describe the effect of a range of pH on the activity of
Pepsin and Catalase.
Explain what substrates are.
Explain the term “specific” as applied to enzymes and their
substrates.
Explain the term “denaturation” and know what causes it.
Explain the term “optimum” as applied to enzyme reactions.
State the optimum temperature for enzymes found in the
human body.
State the optimum pH for the enzyme Pepsin, Amylase and
Catalase
Confidence in
this:
Unit 5: Respiration
Learning Outcomes
I can:
State why cells and organisms need energy
Describe where animals get their energy from and what kind
of energy this is
Describe and evaluate an experiment to measure the energy
content of foods
State which food group contains the most energy and which is
used as an energy/carbon source for respiration
State what controls respiration
Describe when and where respiration occurs
Explain the process of aerobic respiration in terms of raw
materials and products (useful and waste)
Describe experiments to show these products and raw
material
State the structure of ATP and ADP
Explain the function of ATP and how it is formed
Describe and experiment into the function of ATP
Describe the stage common to aerobic and anaerobic
respiration, including the products and location
Describe the second stage of aerobic respiration, including
the products and location
Describe the second stage of anaerobic respiration in animals,
including the products, location
Explain muscle fatigue, what causes it and how this relates to
the oxygen debt
Describe the second stage of anaerobic respiration in plants
and yeast, including the products, location
Describe the function of a respirometer and explain the
movement of liquid
Confidence in
this:
Unit 6: Photosynthesis
Learning Outcomes
I can:
Describe how plants get their food
Discuss the raw materials of photosynthesis
Discuss the essential requirements of photosynthesis
Discuss the products that are made after photosynthesis
Explain the differences between starch and cellulose and
what their function in the cells are
Take part in an experiment reading the procedure and
understanding the variables and controls that have been
used
State what happens in photolysis
State what happens in carbon fixation
Explain what is meant by the term limiting factor
List different limiting factors that can be found
Confidence in
this:
Unit 7: Biotechnology and ‘Controversial Biology’
Learning Outcomes
I can:
State what is meant by ‘biotechnology’.
Describe what yeast is.
State the word equation for fermentation.
Describe the use of yeast in baking.
Describe the use of yeast in wine making and the brewing of
beer.
Describe the fermentation of sugar in milk by bacteria.
State that cheese and yoghurt production is dependant on
certain bacterial strains.
Describe the production of cheese and yoghurt.
Explain the consequences of the dumping of raw sewage into
rivers.
Describe how bacteria are put to use in sewage works,
specifically during ‘biological filtration’.
Describe what agar jelly is and its use in microbiology.
Describe the various safety precautions which must be
taken in a microbiology lab and explain why they are
required.
Explain the basis of genetic engineering.
Describe the stages of genetic engineering to include:
identifying the section of DNA that contains the required
gene from a source chromosome; extraction of required
gene; insertion of required gene into vector/bacterial
plasmid; insertion of plasmid into host cell; growth of
transformed cells to produce a genetically-modified (GM)
organism.
State what a biological detergent is and describe its
usefulness.
Appreciate the usefulness of genetic engineering but to
realise that there are controversial aspects which have
proved controversial with certain groups.
Confidence in
this: