Root Endophyte Colletotrichum tofieldiae Confers Plant Fitness
... A staggering diversity of endophytic fungi associate with healthy plants in nature, but it is usually unclear whether these represent stochastic encounters or provide host fitness benefits. Although most characterized species of the fungal genus Colletotrichum are destructive pathogens, we show here ...
... A staggering diversity of endophytic fungi associate with healthy plants in nature, but it is usually unclear whether these represent stochastic encounters or provide host fitness benefits. Although most characterized species of the fungal genus Colletotrichum are destructive pathogens, we show here ...
Size, shape, and arrangement of native cellulose fibrils in maize cell
... rosettes, and the macrofibril as a bundle of CEFs, both contain only cellulose. The microfibril as a morphological unit often observed by microscopy may contain a single CEF or a small macrofibril, in both cases associated with hemicelluloses (Ding and Himmel 2006). Cellulose has been investigated f ...
... rosettes, and the macrofibril as a bundle of CEFs, both contain only cellulose. The microfibril as a morphological unit often observed by microscopy may contain a single CEF or a small macrofibril, in both cases associated with hemicelluloses (Ding and Himmel 2006). Cellulose has been investigated f ...
Novel Insights into Vacuole-mediated Control of Plant Growth and
... Plant vacuoles are organelles with numerous biological functions in growth, development, and stress responses. These include maintenance of turgor pressure, storage of minerals and proteins, and degradation of cellular content delivered by endosomal trafficking and autophagy pathways. Intriguingly, ...
... Plant vacuoles are organelles with numerous biological functions in growth, development, and stress responses. These include maintenance of turgor pressure, storage of minerals and proteins, and degradation of cellular content delivered by endosomal trafficking and autophagy pathways. Intriguingly, ...
processing of defensive pigment in aplysia californica: acquisition
... uranyl acetate at the 50 % step, and then embedded in Spurr’s resin. Thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and viewed with a Philips 300 electron microscope at 60 kV. The general ultrastructure of the digestive gland and diverticula was also provided from tissue collected f ...
... uranyl acetate at the 50 % step, and then embedded in Spurr’s resin. Thin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and viewed with a Philips 300 electron microscope at 60 kV. The general ultrastructure of the digestive gland and diverticula was also provided from tissue collected f ...
D:Int Agrophysics -2Cybulskacybulska.vp - Research
... observation is difficult due to embedding in matrix. However, significant thickening of cellulose microfibrils was not ascertained in BCP material. In the three-component composite (BCPX, Fig. 4c) containing about 26% cellulose, 44% pectin and 20% xyloglucan, microfibrils are considerably thicker in ...
... observation is difficult due to embedding in matrix. However, significant thickening of cellulose microfibrils was not ascertained in BCP material. In the three-component composite (BCPX, Fig. 4c) containing about 26% cellulose, 44% pectin and 20% xyloglucan, microfibrils are considerably thicker in ...
Applied Kinetics
... • T/F: Intermittent dialysis can last hours to days and is used often in critically ill patients. • T/F: Continuous renal replacement compared to intermittent dialysis is characterized by lower blood and dialysate flow rates. • T/F: Diffusion is more useful than convection at removing drugs with a l ...
... • T/F: Intermittent dialysis can last hours to days and is used often in critically ill patients. • T/F: Continuous renal replacement compared to intermittent dialysis is characterized by lower blood and dialysate flow rates. • T/F: Diffusion is more useful than convection at removing drugs with a l ...
Force generation by kinesin and myosin cytoskeletal motor proteins
... hydrolyze nucleotide, and then release Pi and ADP. Second, the motor domain must be able to sense the presence or absence of cphosphate in the nucleotide-binding pocket. Response to this seemingly small difference, for example, when ATP rather than ADP is bound, triggers an initial conformational re ...
... hydrolyze nucleotide, and then release Pi and ADP. Second, the motor domain must be able to sense the presence or absence of cphosphate in the nucleotide-binding pocket. Response to this seemingly small difference, for example, when ATP rather than ADP is bound, triggers an initial conformational re ...
Slide 1
... of immature oocytes from the mouse (A–C), Bovine (D–F), and human (G–I). It should be noted that all images were collected from fixed oocytes and chromatin is labeled with Hoechst dyes that detect only adenosine-thymidine–rich domains of chromatin; where apparent, unstained spherical structures repr ...
... of immature oocytes from the mouse (A–C), Bovine (D–F), and human (G–I). It should be noted that all images were collected from fixed oocytes and chromatin is labeled with Hoechst dyes that detect only adenosine-thymidine–rich domains of chromatin; where apparent, unstained spherical structures repr ...
The more and smaller cells mutants of Arabidopsis
... al., 2003a; Li and Chen, 2003), rdr6-11, sgs3-11 (Peragine et al., 2004), zip1 (Hunter et al., 2003b) and axr1-3 (Estelle and Somerville, 1987) mutants and the T-DNA insertion mutants arf3-2 (CS24604) (Okushima et al., 2005), arf4-2 (SALK_070506C) (Alonso et al., 2003) and sqn-5 (SALK_033511) (Prune ...
... al., 2003a; Li and Chen, 2003), rdr6-11, sgs3-11 (Peragine et al., 2004), zip1 (Hunter et al., 2003b) and axr1-3 (Estelle and Somerville, 1987) mutants and the T-DNA insertion mutants arf3-2 (CS24604) (Okushima et al., 2005), arf4-2 (SALK_070506C) (Alonso et al., 2003) and sqn-5 (SALK_033511) (Prune ...
Progress in understanding the role of microtubules in plant cells
... Geoffrey O Wasteneys Microtubules have long been known to play a key role in plant cell morphogenesis, but just how they fulfill this function is unclear. Transverse microtubules have been thought to constrain the movement of cellulose synthase complexes in order to generate transverse microfibrils ...
... Geoffrey O Wasteneys Microtubules have long been known to play a key role in plant cell morphogenesis, but just how they fulfill this function is unclear. Transverse microtubules have been thought to constrain the movement of cellulose synthase complexes in order to generate transverse microfibrils ...
Apical constriction: themes and variations on a cellular mechanism
... regulated cellular component that serves as a ‘ratchet’ to tune the dynamics of apical constriction (Martin et al., 2009; Solon et al., 2009; Blanchard et al., 2010). Thus, although the cellular machinery required for apical constriction appears to be the same for various cell types, the organizatio ...
... regulated cellular component that serves as a ‘ratchet’ to tune the dynamics of apical constriction (Martin et al., 2009; Solon et al., 2009; Blanchard et al., 2010). Thus, although the cellular machinery required for apical constriction appears to be the same for various cell types, the organizatio ...
Apical constriction
... regulated cellular component that serves as a ‘ratchet’ to tune the dynamics of apical constriction (Martin et al., 2009; Solon et al., 2009; Blanchard et al., 2010). Thus, although the cellular machinery required for apical constriction appears to be the same for various cell types, the organizatio ...
... regulated cellular component that serves as a ‘ratchet’ to tune the dynamics of apical constriction (Martin et al., 2009; Solon et al., 2009; Blanchard et al., 2010). Thus, although the cellular machinery required for apical constriction appears to be the same for various cell types, the organizatio ...
Mosses as model systems for the study of metabolism and
... cytokinin-induced bud formation upon auxin concentration was first noted in the moss Aocectangium thomsonii (22) and has been interpreted as a necessity for auxin to create target cells competent for cytokinin response (79). Experiments in which the medium supply is continuously replaced, confirm th ...
... cytokinin-induced bud formation upon auxin concentration was first noted in the moss Aocectangium thomsonii (22) and has been interpreted as a necessity for auxin to create target cells competent for cytokinin response (79). Experiments in which the medium supply is continuously replaced, confirm th ...
Study of moss vacuoles and functional
... The endomembrane system (secretory pathway) of plant cells has been studied by analogy with those of animals and yeasts, which have been well characterized. In plants, the secretory pathway comprises the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as site of protein and lipid synthesis, the Golgi apparatus (GA) as m ...
... The endomembrane system (secretory pathway) of plant cells has been studied by analogy with those of animals and yeasts, which have been well characterized. In plants, the secretory pathway comprises the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as site of protein and lipid synthesis, the Golgi apparatus (GA) as m ...
Cell shape changes indicate a role for extrinsic tensile forces in
... maintenance of an initial rapid rate of tissue extension in AP mutants with defective cell intercalation8. Our results indicate that an unidentified mechanism independent of AP patterning or polarized cell intercalation causes cell shape change in the germ band. Cell shape change could be cell-auton ...
... maintenance of an initial rapid rate of tissue extension in AP mutants with defective cell intercalation8. Our results indicate that an unidentified mechanism independent of AP patterning or polarized cell intercalation causes cell shape change in the germ band. Cell shape change could be cell-auton ...
Novel Filaments 5 nm in Diameter Constitute the
... These features allow us to observe the PD ring readily, although it appears only briefly during plastid division. In a series of studies using C. merolae, we determined the mode of formation, contraction, and disassembly of the PD ring. The inner ring forms before the middle and outer rings (Miyagis ...
... These features allow us to observe the PD ring readily, although it appears only briefly during plastid division. In a series of studies using C. merolae, we determined the mode of formation, contraction, and disassembly of the PD ring. The inner ring forms before the middle and outer rings (Miyagis ...
The Role of Vacuole and Vacuolar H+
... complex of integral membrane proteins containing proton pore. Although the structure of F-ATPase is similar to VATPase, F-ATPase localizes to mitochondrial interior and acts as ATP syntheses [9-11]. The P-ATPase functions in pumping protons out of the cells, which contributes not only to intracellul ...
... complex of integral membrane proteins containing proton pore. Although the structure of F-ATPase is similar to VATPase, F-ATPase localizes to mitochondrial interior and acts as ATP syntheses [9-11]. The P-ATPase functions in pumping protons out of the cells, which contributes not only to intracellul ...
Does multiple freezing and thawing cycles of
... Effect of freezing and thawing on ANA and ANCA of pre-analytical errors. A source of pre-analytical errors is storage conditions of samples. One of the quality indicators in the pre-analytic phase is improperly stored samples [9-11]. Most ANA and ANCA commercial test kits enable concurrent examinat ...
... Effect of freezing and thawing on ANA and ANCA of pre-analytical errors. A source of pre-analytical errors is storage conditions of samples. One of the quality indicators in the pre-analytic phase is improperly stored samples [9-11]. Most ANA and ANCA commercial test kits enable concurrent examinat ...
The Cytoplasm-to-Vacuole Targeting Pathway: A Historical
... used for cell biology studies. Randy Schekman was giving a seminar on campus at that time, and I told him about our project. He suggested that we generate antibodies that only recognized prApe1 and carry out a screen looking for mutants that accumulate the precursor form of the protein. We did attem ...
... used for cell biology studies. Randy Schekman was giving a seminar on campus at that time, and I told him about our project. He suggested that we generate antibodies that only recognized prApe1 and carry out a screen looking for mutants that accumulate the precursor form of the protein. We did attem ...
Somatic Cytokinesis and Pollen Maturation in Arabidopsis
... PPB is removed before chromosome segregation and cytokinesis and therefore cannot contribute directly to the cell plate guidance process. As the PPB microtubules degrade, cortical actin at the corresponding former position of the PPB disappears, leaving behind a zone devoid of actin filaments (Clear ...
... PPB is removed before chromosome segregation and cytokinesis and therefore cannot contribute directly to the cell plate guidance process. As the PPB microtubules degrade, cortical actin at the corresponding former position of the PPB disappears, leaving behind a zone devoid of actin filaments (Clear ...
Distinct Lytic Vacuolar Compartments are Embedded
... in root tips g-TIP and a-TIP labeling may co-localize in certain regions of the vacuolar compartment on the tonoplast in cells that develop large central vacuoles (Paris et al. 1996, Jiang et al. 2001). Also, cells may contain two large central vacuoles exhibiting differential functions such as accu ...
... in root tips g-TIP and a-TIP labeling may co-localize in certain regions of the vacuolar compartment on the tonoplast in cells that develop large central vacuoles (Paris et al. 1996, Jiang et al. 2001). Also, cells may contain two large central vacuoles exhibiting differential functions such as accu ...
full text pdf
... perturbation of the photosynthetic electron transfer produces three types of redox signals [34]. Class 1 signaling originates from specific redox pairs in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, e.g. the reduced and oxidized plastoquinone (PQ), class 2 signaling depends on the redox state of st ...
... perturbation of the photosynthetic electron transfer produces three types of redox signals [34]. Class 1 signaling originates from specific redox pairs in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, e.g. the reduced and oxidized plastoquinone (PQ), class 2 signaling depends on the redox state of st ...
Redox signals as a language of interorganellar
... perturbation of the photosynthetic electron transfer produces three types of redox signals [34]. Class 1 signaling originates from specific redox pairs in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, e.g. the reduced and oxidized plastoquinone (PQ), class 2 signaling depends on the redox state of st ...
... perturbation of the photosynthetic electron transfer produces three types of redox signals [34]. Class 1 signaling originates from specific redox pairs in the photosynthetic electron transport chain, e.g. the reduced and oxidized plastoquinone (PQ), class 2 signaling depends on the redox state of st ...
Multiple Roles of the Cytoskeleton in Bacterial Autophagy
... promote the generation of PI3P for autophagosome formation [8]. In agreement with this, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family member WASH is a nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) for the actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex necessary for the trafficking of ATG9 and autophagosome formati ...
... promote the generation of PI3P for autophagosome formation [8]. In agreement with this, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family member WASH is a nucleation-promoting factor (NPF) for the actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex necessary for the trafficking of ATG9 and autophagosome formati ...
ACTIN2 Is Essential for Bulge Site Selection and Tip Growth during
... the epidermal cell, the root hair structure elongates by tip growth. Because root hairs are not surrounded by other cells, root hair formation provides an excellent system for studying the highly complex process of plant cell growth. Pharmacological experiments with actin filament-interfering drugs ...
... the epidermal cell, the root hair structure elongates by tip growth. Because root hairs are not surrounded by other cells, root hair formation provides an excellent system for studying the highly complex process of plant cell growth. Pharmacological experiments with actin filament-interfering drugs ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑