Dynamic balance between vesicle transport and
... (Ehrlich et al., 2004). The coat proteins have different affinities towards the membrane proteins (reactions 3-5 in Table 1). Following the model of Heinrich and Rapaport we postulate that coat protein B has a high affinity for those membrane proteins that are involved in anterograde vesicle movemen ...
... (Ehrlich et al., 2004). The coat proteins have different affinities towards the membrane proteins (reactions 3-5 in Table 1). Following the model of Heinrich and Rapaport we postulate that coat protein B has a high affinity for those membrane proteins that are involved in anterograde vesicle movemen ...
ASYMMETRIC CELL DIVISION IN PLANTS
... not asymmetry is morphologically evident at the time of division (48). Asymmetric cell divisions are traditionally divided into two flavors. The difference in daughter cells may be due to unequal partitioning of factors in the mother cell such that all or most are inherited by only one daughter. Alt ...
... not asymmetry is morphologically evident at the time of division (48). Asymmetric cell divisions are traditionally divided into two flavors. The difference in daughter cells may be due to unequal partitioning of factors in the mother cell such that all or most are inherited by only one daughter. Alt ...
Protected Cell Companies Act 1999
... “Articles" means the Articles of Association of a protected cell company as registered with the Registrar from time to time, and in the case of a protected cell company which is registered by way of continuation of a foreign company, means the Articles of Association as registered with the Registrar ...
... “Articles" means the Articles of Association of a protected cell company as registered with the Registrar from time to time, and in the case of a protected cell company which is registered by way of continuation of a foreign company, means the Articles of Association as registered with the Registrar ...
Arabidopsis Phragmoplast-Associated Kinesins Play
... in the double mutants, very few such pollen grains were observed in the wild type and single mutants. The difference among pollen grains of these different genetic backgrounds was striking when they were classified into three categories: those with two sperm nuclei and one vegetative nucleus (2þ1); ...
... in the double mutants, very few such pollen grains were observed in the wild type and single mutants. The difference among pollen grains of these different genetic backgrounds was striking when they were classified into three categories: those with two sperm nuclei and one vegetative nucleus (2þ1); ...
Organellar channels and transporters
... Fig. 1. Organellar channels and transporters. Intracellular organelles include endosomes, phagosomes, autophagosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, plant vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, the ER, peroxisomes, and the nucleus. Intracellular channels are shown as oval objects while transporters and ...
... Fig. 1. Organellar channels and transporters. Intracellular organelles include endosomes, phagosomes, autophagosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, plant vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, the ER, peroxisomes, and the nucleus. Intracellular channels are shown as oval objects while transporters and ...
Mitochondrial Dynamics and the ER: The Plant Perspective
... A model for the mixing and unmixing of mitochondrial content was proposed, describing a separation of dysfunctional mitochondria from the pool of fusing mitochondria, and their targeting to autophagosomes (Twig et al., 2008b). In mammalian cells mitochondrial fusion triggers fission which in turn is ...
... A model for the mixing and unmixing of mitochondrial content was proposed, describing a separation of dysfunctional mitochondria from the pool of fusing mitochondria, and their targeting to autophagosomes (Twig et al., 2008b). In mammalian cells mitochondrial fusion triggers fission which in turn is ...
Responses to Cell Loss Become Restricted as the Supporting Cells
... with 5 M LatA or vehicle control for 1, 12, or 24 h and then fixed and labeled with fluorescent phalloidin to visualize F-actin. Arrowheads indicate regions of HC loss, which SCs did not enter. Arrows indicate regions of HC loss in which SCs extended processes and began to fill in the vacancies lef ...
... with 5 M LatA or vehicle control for 1, 12, or 24 h and then fixed and labeled with fluorescent phalloidin to visualize F-actin. Arrowheads indicate regions of HC loss, which SCs did not enter. Arrows indicate regions of HC loss in which SCs extended processes and began to fill in the vacancies lef ...
Left–right asymmetry: cilia stir up new surprises in the node
... asymmetry in the developing embryo. Although this hypothesis is appealing, it raises several questions, foremost among them being the identity of the morphogen itself. An important clue in this direction came from the work of Tanaka et al. [33]. The authors observed flowing material inside the node ...
... asymmetry in the developing embryo. Although this hypothesis is appealing, it raises several questions, foremost among them being the identity of the morphogen itself. An important clue in this direction came from the work of Tanaka et al. [33]. The authors observed flowing material inside the node ...
Specific Organization of Golgi Apparatus in Plant Cells
... involvement of γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TURC), which are fastened to the lateral surface of preexistent microtubules [9-11]. As in many other organisms, the system of actin filaments in plants consists of actin bundles and networks. Interphase cells usually contain networks consisting of short in ...
... involvement of γ-tubulin ring complexes (γ-TURC), which are fastened to the lateral surface of preexistent microtubules [9-11]. As in many other organisms, the system of actin filaments in plants consists of actin bundles and networks. Interphase cells usually contain networks consisting of short in ...
... immunity, and tumor cell invasion and metastasis [9,11,12,13,14]. For cells to migrate efficiently, three major steps need to be well organized: protrusion of leading edge, retraction of tailing edge, and movement of cell body [15]. In all of three steps, the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton pla ...
regulation of the cytoskeleton and cell adhesion by
... tion (87–89), the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions (85, 90, 91), neurite retraction (92–94), and cytokinesis (95). Myosin phosphatase is composed of three subunits: MBS, a 37-kDa type 1 phosphatase catalytic subunit, and a 20-kDa regulatory subunit (96). Myosin phosphatase binds to pho ...
... tion (87–89), the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions (85, 90, 91), neurite retraction (92–94), and cytokinesis (95). Myosin phosphatase is composed of three subunits: MBS, a 37-kDa type 1 phosphatase catalytic subunit, and a 20-kDa regulatory subunit (96). Myosin phosphatase binds to pho ...
The Plasma Membrane of the Cyanobacterium
... used to separate cellular membranes). The centrifugation resulted in the separation of an orange and a green membrane fraction with densities of 1.07 and 1.16 g/mL, respectively (Figure 1). The properties of these membrane fractions in terms of protein composition, pigment content, and buoyant densi ...
... used to separate cellular membranes). The centrifugation resulted in the separation of an orange and a green membrane fraction with densities of 1.07 and 1.16 g/mL, respectively (Figure 1). The properties of these membrane fractions in terms of protein composition, pigment content, and buoyant densi ...
The Plasma Membrane of the Cyanobacterium
... used to separate cellular membranes). The centrifugation resulted in the separation of an orange and a green membrane fraction with densities of 1.07 and 1.16 g/mL, respectively (Figure 1). The properties of these membrane fractions in terms of protein composition, pigment content, and buoyant densi ...
... used to separate cellular membranes). The centrifugation resulted in the separation of an orange and a green membrane fraction with densities of 1.07 and 1.16 g/mL, respectively (Figure 1). The properties of these membrane fractions in terms of protein composition, pigment content, and buoyant densi ...
Protists Cells: Grow and Develop:
... Heterotrophs, which means they get energy by eating or absorbing food. Examples of hertertrophs are Amoebas and Paramecium (animal like Protists) that move around to get their food. Other Protists are Photoautotrophs that make their own food from the sunlight. Algea is a great example of a photautot ...
... Heterotrophs, which means they get energy by eating or absorbing food. Examples of hertertrophs are Amoebas and Paramecium (animal like Protists) that move around to get their food. Other Protists are Photoautotrophs that make their own food from the sunlight. Algea is a great example of a photautot ...
Cleavage furrow formation and ingression during animal cytokinesis
... prometaphase and then are forced to enter anaphase by inactivation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, they exhibit mostly uncoordinated cortical contractions (Canman et al., 2000). The same drug also induces ectopic furrowing in C. elegans embryos, and embryos that have a defective Nedd-8 ubiquitin ...
... prometaphase and then are forced to enter anaphase by inactivation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, they exhibit mostly uncoordinated cortical contractions (Canman et al., 2000). The same drug also induces ectopic furrowing in C. elegans embryos, and embryos that have a defective Nedd-8 ubiquitin ...
Annexins: multifunctional components of growth and adaptation
... 1991; Balasubramanian et al., 2001). In plants, hydrophobic interactions are also involved in membrane binding. AnxCa32 attachment to membranes involves the hydrogen bonding of several amino acid residues to the phospholipid headgroup and glycerol backbone (Dabitz et al., 2005). Site-directed mutage ...
... 1991; Balasubramanian et al., 2001). In plants, hydrophobic interactions are also involved in membrane binding. AnxCa32 attachment to membranes involves the hydrogen bonding of several amino acid residues to the phospholipid headgroup and glycerol backbone (Dabitz et al., 2005). Site-directed mutage ...
NADPH oxidases as electrochemical generators to produce ion
... transport of electrons into the phagocytic vacuole is electrogenic, causing a large, rapid membrane depolarization which will itself curtail further electron transport unless there is compensatory ion movement [65] by the passage of cations into the vacuole and/or anions in the opposite direction. T ...
... transport of electrons into the phagocytic vacuole is electrogenic, causing a large, rapid membrane depolarization which will itself curtail further electron transport unless there is compensatory ion movement [65] by the passage of cations into the vacuole and/or anions in the opposite direction. T ...
Significance of hydrolytic enzymes expressed during xylem
... that are supported by secondary cell wall thickenings, the characteristic of the tracheophytes, have been found in 430 million years old fossils from the Mid-Silurian period (Edwards et al. 1992). While the water transport in these structures was a prerequisite for the evolutionary success of vascul ...
... that are supported by secondary cell wall thickenings, the characteristic of the tracheophytes, have been found in 430 million years old fossils from the Mid-Silurian period (Edwards et al. 1992). While the water transport in these structures was a prerequisite for the evolutionary success of vascul ...
the fine-tuning of the endomembrane system
... cell layers, in the basal part of the nodule, the nitrogen fixation is ceases and infected cells get lysed. This zone is defined as a zone of senescence (Van de Velde et al., 2006; Pérez Guerra et al., 2010). In our opinion it would be more appropriate to name this last zone “zone of symbiosis termi ...
... cell layers, in the basal part of the nodule, the nitrogen fixation is ceases and infected cells get lysed. This zone is defined as a zone of senescence (Van de Velde et al., 2006; Pérez Guerra et al., 2010). In our opinion it would be more appropriate to name this last zone “zone of symbiosis termi ...
Fungi
... These results indicate that the presence of mycorrhizae benefits a soybean plant and support the hypothesis that mycorrhizae enhance the plant’s ability to take up phosphate and other needed minerals. ...
... These results indicate that the presence of mycorrhizae benefits a soybean plant and support the hypothesis that mycorrhizae enhance the plant’s ability to take up phosphate and other needed minerals. ...
Organisation of Xenopus oocyte and egg cortices
... protein Vg1RBP (Elisha et al., 1995) either in combination with the ER and Vera or in a parallel pathway. Vg1RBP is highly homologous to a protein implicated in localisation of actin mRNA in fibroblasts, a process mediated by microfilaments rather than microtubules (Havin et al., 1998), suggestive ...
... protein Vg1RBP (Elisha et al., 1995) either in combination with the ER and Vera or in a parallel pathway. Vg1RBP is highly homologous to a protein implicated in localisation of actin mRNA in fibroblasts, a process mediated by microfilaments rather than microtubules (Havin et al., 1998), suggestive ...
Determinants in HIV-2 Env and tetherin required for
... essential, and its function can be recapitulated in a wholly artificial tetherin construct [20]. Since tetherin presents a barrier to virus replication at multiple levels, it is not surprising that the primate lentiviruses have evolved several strategies to counteract its actions. Most SIVs use the ...
... essential, and its function can be recapitulated in a wholly artificial tetherin construct [20]. Since tetherin presents a barrier to virus replication at multiple levels, it is not surprising that the primate lentiviruses have evolved several strategies to counteract its actions. Most SIVs use the ...
Bacterial Endocytobionts within Endosymbiotic Ciliates in Dreissena
... ciliate species (Görtz 1998, Brigge et al. 1999, Fokin et al. 2000, Fokin unpublished data), indicate that they are widely established endocytobionts in these protists. This paper documents a multi-level microcosm system: Dreissena-ciliates-bacteria-viruses. The presence of different bacteria inside ...
... ciliate species (Görtz 1998, Brigge et al. 1999, Fokin et al. 2000, Fokin unpublished data), indicate that they are widely established endocytobionts in these protists. This paper documents a multi-level microcosm system: Dreissena-ciliates-bacteria-viruses. The presence of different bacteria inside ...
Hierarchies of plant stiffness
... withstand the static and variable forces encountered during the plant’s life span. Thus, internal (supporting self) and external forces (e.g., gravity, wind) must be balanced with the metabolic needs of life (e.g., acquisition of sufficient sunlight, water and nutrients; prevention of water loss), po ...
... withstand the static and variable forces encountered during the plant’s life span. Thus, internal (supporting self) and external forces (e.g., gravity, wind) must be balanced with the metabolic needs of life (e.g., acquisition of sufficient sunlight, water and nutrients; prevention of water loss), po ...
Text - Enlighten: Publications
... and JIM7 may not be accessible to the antibody in growing root hairs when using live seedlings. JIM20, a mAb with specificity toward extensin, labeled the root hairs of all genotypes as exemplified by vti13 (Figure 4F; Table 1). These results help define the dynamics of the root hair cell wall and h ...
... and JIM7 may not be accessible to the antibody in growing root hairs when using live seedlings. JIM20, a mAb with specificity toward extensin, labeled the root hairs of all genotypes as exemplified by vti13 (Figure 4F; Table 1). These results help define the dynamics of the root hair cell wall and h ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑