the 5 kingdmcard 5 - Henrico County Public Schools
... Chloroplasts trap sunlight and use it to make sugar from what two compounds? ...
... Chloroplasts trap sunlight and use it to make sugar from what two compounds? ...
Hyphal homing, fusion and mycelial interconnectedness
... fusion is mediated by diffusible substances, which results in re-directed polarized hyphal tip growth [8,12 – 14] (Figure 3). We propose that these unidentified diffusible signals regulate the behavior of the Spitzenkörper, which is a complex of organelles and proteins predominated by secretory ves ...
... fusion is mediated by diffusible substances, which results in re-directed polarized hyphal tip growth [8,12 – 14] (Figure 3). We propose that these unidentified diffusible signals regulate the behavior of the Spitzenkörper, which is a complex of organelles and proteins predominated by secretory ves ...
Separate Functions of Gelsolin Mediate Sequential Steps of
... Selected sites were individually deleted by designing complementary primers and by the use of the QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Gelsolin mutants were ligated into BamH1 and Xho1 sites of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion vector pGEX-4T-2 (GE Healthcare ...
... Selected sites were individually deleted by designing complementary primers and by the use of the QuikChange site-directed mutagenesis kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Gelsolin mutants were ligated into BamH1 and Xho1 sites of the glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion vector pGEX-4T-2 (GE Healthcare ...
QNQKE Targeting Motif for the SMN-Gemin Multiprotein Complex in Neurons *
... motor neurons in vivo, but the significance of this peripheral cytoplasmic localization has been largely controversial. Insofar as SMN is involved in snRNP assembly, why would a neuron require this activity to occur so far away from the cell soma? We have applied techniques of fluorescence microscopy ...
... motor neurons in vivo, but the significance of this peripheral cytoplasmic localization has been largely controversial. Insofar as SMN is involved in snRNP assembly, why would a neuron require this activity to occur so far away from the cell soma? We have applied techniques of fluorescence microscopy ...
pdf, 1.1 MB - The Nebenführ Lab
... persists until completion of cytokinesis. Maintenance of the distinct localizations does not depend on intact actin filaments or microtubules, although the mitotic spindle appears to play a major role in organizing the organelle distribution patterns. The redistribution of Golgi stacks during mitosi ...
... persists until completion of cytokinesis. Maintenance of the distinct localizations does not depend on intact actin filaments or microtubules, although the mitotic spindle appears to play a major role in organizing the organelle distribution patterns. The redistribution of Golgi stacks during mitosi ...
Plant physiology
... Are they formed within the chloroplast, or are they made in the cytoplasm? Is the TAG in bC-plastoglobuli and CLD identical or different, and where is it formed? D. bardawil is an excellent model organism for isolation of lipid droplet for several reasons. First, D. bardawil contains large amounts o ...
... Are they formed within the chloroplast, or are they made in the cytoplasm? Is the TAG in bC-plastoglobuli and CLD identical or different, and where is it formed? D. bardawil is an excellent model organism for isolation of lipid droplet for several reasons. First, D. bardawil contains large amounts o ...
ICAM-1 - The Journal of Cell Biology
... residues and appears to mediate a charged interaction with o~-actinin which is not highly dependent on the order of the residues. ...
... residues and appears to mediate a charged interaction with o~-actinin which is not highly dependent on the order of the residues. ...
Recent developments in the cell and molecular biology of root hairs
... particularly important to study, because calcium ions are known to play a key role in many cellular processes in higher plants (e.g. cell division, cell expansion and cytoplasmic streaming). The role of calcium in tip-growing cells has been particularly well studied for pollen tubes (see e.g. Schnep ...
... particularly important to study, because calcium ions are known to play a key role in many cellular processes in higher plants (e.g. cell division, cell expansion and cytoplasmic streaming). The role of calcium in tip-growing cells has been particularly well studied for pollen tubes (see e.g. Schnep ...
NYS Lab: Diffusion Through a Membrane
... • exposure to a strongly hypotonic solution resulted in the cell's ability to quickly adjust to ...
... • exposure to a strongly hypotonic solution resulted in the cell's ability to quickly adjust to ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms - IMBB
... organisms has implicated autophagy in the cell death process. Cell death is of paramount importance both for the development and also during the adult life of animals, by forming and deleting structures, controlling cell numbers, eliminating abnormal or damaged cells and contributing in many patholo ...
... organisms has implicated autophagy in the cell death process. Cell death is of paramount importance both for the development and also during the adult life of animals, by forming and deleting structures, controlling cell numbers, eliminating abnormal or damaged cells and contributing in many patholo ...
Cytoskeleton and Root Hair Growth
... Root hairs are highly polarized outgrowths of a subset of root epidermis cells, the socalled trichoblasts. The biological function of root hairs is to increase the surface area of roots in order to facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients from soil. Root hairs are also the site of initial in ...
... Root hairs are highly polarized outgrowths of a subset of root epidermis cells, the socalled trichoblasts. The biological function of root hairs is to increase the surface area of roots in order to facilitate the absorption of water and nutrients from soil. Root hairs are also the site of initial in ...
Autophagy and cell death in model organisms
... organisms has implicated autophagy in the cell death process. Cell death is of paramount importance both for the development and also during the adult life of animals, by forming and deleting structures, controlling cell numbers, eliminating abnormal or damaged cells and contributing in many patholo ...
... organisms has implicated autophagy in the cell death process. Cell death is of paramount importance both for the development and also during the adult life of animals, by forming and deleting structures, controlling cell numbers, eliminating abnormal or damaged cells and contributing in many patholo ...
Quantitative analysis of changes in spatial distribution and plus
... microtubule plus ends is illustrated graphically in Fig. 3 and quantitatively in Fig. 4. In Fig. 3, the microtubule plus-end types are shown as colored dots (yellow, blunt ends; green, extended ends; red, horned ends; blue, flared ends). The high proportion of yellow dots associated with the solid p ...
... microtubule plus ends is illustrated graphically in Fig. 3 and quantitatively in Fig. 4. In Fig. 3, the microtubule plus-end types are shown as colored dots (yellow, blunt ends; green, extended ends; red, horned ends; blue, flared ends). The high proportion of yellow dots associated with the solid p ...
Force development by the contractile vacuole
... digestive vacuoles and mitochondria were also enclosed in the droplet. This isolated in vitro CV showed rounding-slackening cycles at regular intervals for more than 30 minutes when the preparation was kept at room temperature (24-27°C). Estimation of tension at the surface of an in vitro CV from th ...
... digestive vacuoles and mitochondria were also enclosed in the droplet. This isolated in vitro CV showed rounding-slackening cycles at regular intervals for more than 30 minutes when the preparation was kept at room temperature (24-27°C). Estimation of tension at the surface of an in vitro CV from th ...
Chediak-Higashi–Like Granules in Acute
... leukemia.3-7 The same features seen on light microscopy were confirmed and probably better defined on the ultrastructural level (electron microscopy). The interpretation was similar, too. However, the ultrastructuralists did not develop any attractive ‘‘fairy tale’’ such as the light microscopists d ...
... leukemia.3-7 The same features seen on light microscopy were confirmed and probably better defined on the ultrastructural level (electron microscopy). The interpretation was similar, too. However, the ultrastructuralists did not develop any attractive ‘‘fairy tale’’ such as the light microscopists d ...
Exocytosis Precedes and Predicts the Increase in Growth in
... contribute to cell wall structure through the formation of borate diol-esters (Ishii et al., 1999; O’Neill et al., 2001; O’Neill et al., 2004). The non-cross-linked pectins, which are presumably most abundant at the extreme apex of the cell, render the wall extensible, whereas Ca2+ and borate cross- ...
... contribute to cell wall structure through the formation of borate diol-esters (Ishii et al., 1999; O’Neill et al., 2001; O’Neill et al., 2004). The non-cross-linked pectins, which are presumably most abundant at the extreme apex of the cell, render the wall extensible, whereas Ca2+ and borate cross- ...
The plant Golgi apparatus—Going with the flow
... The GTPase activity of Sar1p is regulated by an exchange factor, Sec12p, which in tobacco leaf epidermal cells has been shown to be uniformly distributed over the ER network. Therefore, it should not play a role in the differentiation of ER membranes into Golgi. This distribution of Sec12 is similar ...
... The GTPase activity of Sar1p is regulated by an exchange factor, Sec12p, which in tobacco leaf epidermal cells has been shown to be uniformly distributed over the ER network. Therefore, it should not play a role in the differentiation of ER membranes into Golgi. This distribution of Sec12 is similar ...
Exocytosis Precedes and Predicts the Increase in
... contribute to cell wall structure through the formation of borate diol-esters (Ishii et al., 1999; O’Neill et al., 2001; O’Neill et al., 2004). The non-cross-linked pectins, which are presumably most abundant at the extreme apex of the cell, render the wall extensible, whereas Ca2+ and borate cross- ...
... contribute to cell wall structure through the formation of borate diol-esters (Ishii et al., 1999; O’Neill et al., 2001; O’Neill et al., 2004). The non-cross-linked pectins, which are presumably most abundant at the extreme apex of the cell, render the wall extensible, whereas Ca2+ and borate cross- ...
An important role for glutathione and y
... Ohsumi et al. (1988). Briefly, this method was based on the specific loss of the permeability barrier of the plasma membrane of the yeast cell in the presence of cupric ion (Cu"). The cytoplasmic content of metabolic intermediates was estimated on the leakage fluid. The vacuolar content was then est ...
... Ohsumi et al. (1988). Briefly, this method was based on the specific loss of the permeability barrier of the plasma membrane of the yeast cell in the presence of cupric ion (Cu"). The cytoplasmic content of metabolic intermediates was estimated on the leakage fluid. The vacuolar content was then est ...
Auxin and other signals on the move in plants
... Short-range transport. Membranes of plant cells are not in direct contact with each other because of the presence of a cellulose-based cell wall. Thus, molecules have three possibilities for short-range movement: (i) transport inside the cell wall, without entering the cell (apoplastic transport); ( ...
... Short-range transport. Membranes of plant cells are not in direct contact with each other because of the presence of a cellulose-based cell wall. Thus, molecules have three possibilities for short-range movement: (i) transport inside the cell wall, without entering the cell (apoplastic transport); ( ...
Phalloidin
... CF™ dyes are a series of next-generation fluorescent dyes developed at Biotium to have combined advantages in brightness, photostability, and water solubility compared to other fluorescent dyes. Fluorescently labeled phalloidins stain F-actin at nanomolar concentrations (1-3). Labeled phalloidins ha ...
... CF™ dyes are a series of next-generation fluorescent dyes developed at Biotium to have combined advantages in brightness, photostability, and water solubility compared to other fluorescent dyes. Fluorescently labeled phalloidins stain F-actin at nanomolar concentrations (1-3). Labeled phalloidins ha ...
The Role of the Arabidopsis ELD1 Gene in Cell
... Figure 3. Anatomy of the eld1 mutant and wild-type hypocotyls and roots. A, Longitudinal section of a 7-d-old wild-type root tip stained with TBO. The cell marked by an arrow is enlarged in the adjacent box. B, Longitudinal section of a 7-d-old eld1 mutant root tip was stained with TBO. The cell mar ...
... Figure 3. Anatomy of the eld1 mutant and wild-type hypocotyls and roots. A, Longitudinal section of a 7-d-old wild-type root tip stained with TBO. The cell marked by an arrow is enlarged in the adjacent box. B, Longitudinal section of a 7-d-old eld1 mutant root tip was stained with TBO. The cell mar ...
Characterization of the Cytosolic Proteins Involved in the Amoeboid
... retraction, similar to that seen in conventional actin-based cells. However, instead of actin, these cells power their movement through modulation of the major sperm protein (MSP) cytoskeleton. MSP forms dense filament meshworks that pack the sperm lamellipod. Protrusion is associated with the assem ...
... retraction, similar to that seen in conventional actin-based cells. However, instead of actin, these cells power their movement through modulation of the major sperm protein (MSP) cytoskeleton. MSP forms dense filament meshworks that pack the sperm lamellipod. Protrusion is associated with the assem ...
Self-Incompatibility-induced Programmed Cell
... Dangl, 1996; van Doorn, 2011; van Doorn et al., 2011). There is considerable biochemical evidence for the involvement of caspase-like activities in plant PCD (van Doorn and Woltering, 2005). For example, Vacuolar Processing Enzyme (VPE) has YVADase (caspase-1-like) activity (Hatsugai et al., 2004; R ...
... Dangl, 1996; van Doorn, 2011; van Doorn et al., 2011). There is considerable biochemical evidence for the involvement of caspase-like activities in plant PCD (van Doorn and Woltering, 2005). For example, Vacuolar Processing Enzyme (VPE) has YVADase (caspase-1-like) activity (Hatsugai et al., 2004; R ...
measuring force in the developing zebrafish embryo using
... force, it binds more vinculin, increasing its connections to the actin cytoskeleton and, in turn, reinforcing adherens junctions in a force-dependent manner. Recent work has shown that this force dependence is highly reversible, with alpha-catenin acting as a spring capable of shifting between vinc ...
... force, it binds more vinculin, increasing its connections to the actin cytoskeleton and, in turn, reinforcing adherens junctions in a force-dependent manner. Recent work has shown that this force dependence is highly reversible, with alpha-catenin acting as a spring capable of shifting between vinc ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑