Profilin association with monomeric actin in
... at 22°C, mixed with 10 ml of ice-cold extraction buffer and lysed with 18 strokes of a Dounce homogenizer. Separate 1.0 ml samples of the crude cell homogenate were kept on ice (extract sample), centrifuged at 16,000 g in an Eppendorf 5415C microfuge for 5 minutes at 4°C to yield a low speed superna ...
... at 22°C, mixed with 10 ml of ice-cold extraction buffer and lysed with 18 strokes of a Dounce homogenizer. Separate 1.0 ml samples of the crude cell homogenate were kept on ice (extract sample), centrifuged at 16,000 g in an Eppendorf 5415C microfuge for 5 minutes at 4°C to yield a low speed superna ...
02.Houtkooper (162)
... the bslow or type I), and the three different fast IIA, IIX, and IIB MyHCs (see Schiaffino & Reggiani 1996). There is a close relationship between V0, the actinactivated ATPase activity of myosin, and the myosin isoform expression of single muscle fibers in different species (e.g., 6, 57, 81). That ...
... the bslow or type I), and the three different fast IIA, IIX, and IIB MyHCs (see Schiaffino & Reggiani 1996). There is a close relationship between V0, the actinactivated ATPase activity of myosin, and the myosin isoform expression of single muscle fibers in different species (e.g., 6, 57, 81). That ...
Cell Functions Phospholipid-Binding Motif that Regulates T Subunit
... In addition to its PRS and ITAM, the CD3 subunit also contains a basic-rich stretch (BRS) of amino acids within the juxtamembrane portion of its cytoplasmic tail (Fig. 1A) (9). Although all three subdomains can interact with proteins, the BRS has uniquely been found to bind acidic phospholipids (1 ...
... In addition to its PRS and ITAM, the CD3 subunit also contains a basic-rich stretch (BRS) of amino acids within the juxtamembrane portion of its cytoplasmic tail (Fig. 1A) (9). Although all three subdomains can interact with proteins, the BRS has uniquely been found to bind acidic phospholipids (1 ...
Dev Biol 364(2), 138-48. PDF
... 1990). Next, the blastocoel, a fluid-filled cavity, is formed in the central region of the embryonic cell mass. Blastocoel formation requires two major interrelated features of TE differentiation: intracellular junction biogenesis and a directed transport system, mediated by Na +/K + ATPase (Eckert an ...
... 1990). Next, the blastocoel, a fluid-filled cavity, is formed in the central region of the embryonic cell mass. Blastocoel formation requires two major interrelated features of TE differentiation: intracellular junction biogenesis and a directed transport system, mediated by Na +/K + ATPase (Eckert an ...
Self-organization and pattern formation in auxin flow
... Auxin accumulates in some cells, creating local hot spots of high auxin density, which can be seen as pre-patterns ...
... Auxin accumulates in some cells, creating local hot spots of high auxin density, which can be seen as pre-patterns ...
Anterior PAR proteins function during cytokinesis and
... from each particular assay was quantified (Total n). These embryos were first divided into groups based on gross embryonic phenotypes observed: wild type (hatched) and unhatched embryos. Unhatched embryos are embryos that did not arrest at the one-cell stage but arrested later in development. Of the ...
... from each particular assay was quantified (Total n). These embryos were first divided into groups based on gross embryonic phenotypes observed: wild type (hatched) and unhatched embryos. Unhatched embryos are embryos that did not arrest at the one-cell stage but arrested later in development. Of the ...
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... existence of a partially redundant mechanism relying on the PAR protein PAR-2, which is discussed in Section 2.3 after the PAR proteins have been introduced just below. 2.2. Polarity establishment: the central role of PAR proteins After symmetry breaking, the non-contractile cortical area expands to ...
... existence of a partially redundant mechanism relying on the PAR protein PAR-2, which is discussed in Section 2.3 after the PAR proteins have been introduced just below. 2.2. Polarity establishment: the central role of PAR proteins After symmetry breaking, the non-contractile cortical area expands to ...
Cardosin A Molecular Determinants and Biosynthetic Pathways
... A trafficking inside the cell, as the protein is processed in a similar manner as the control and accumulates in the vacuole. Furthermore, an Arabidopsis thaliana line expressing cardosin A under an inducible promoter was explored to understand cardosin A dynamics in terms of vacuolar accumulation d ...
... A trafficking inside the cell, as the protein is processed in a similar manner as the control and accumulates in the vacuole. Furthermore, an Arabidopsis thaliana line expressing cardosin A under an inducible promoter was explored to understand cardosin A dynamics in terms of vacuolar accumulation d ...
Cornell University, 1989 M.S. Environmental Engineering Stanford University, 1990
... situ iron-enrichment experiment conducted in the equatorial Pacific (IronEx II) provided a unique opportunity to monitor changes in community structure following increased nutrient availability. In a second experiment in the Sargasso Sea, enrichments with nitrogen and ...
... situ iron-enrichment experiment conducted in the equatorial Pacific (IronEx II) provided a unique opportunity to monitor changes in community structure following increased nutrient availability. In a second experiment in the Sargasso Sea, enrichments with nitrogen and ...
Effects of Ammonia and Lactate on Hybridoma Growth, Metabolism
... containing 5% FBS at five different concentrations: 0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 mM. The initial pH was adjusted to 7.4 by the addition of sodium bicarbonate (Sigma) at room temperature. The media was supplemented with 100 units/mL potassium penicillin G, and 100 pg/mL streptomycin sulfate. Cells were ...
... containing 5% FBS at five different concentrations: 0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, and 5 mM. The initial pH was adjusted to 7.4 by the addition of sodium bicarbonate (Sigma) at room temperature. The media was supplemented with 100 units/mL potassium penicillin G, and 100 pg/mL streptomycin sulfate. Cells were ...
Plasma membrane HATPase regulation is required for auxin
... need to be transported in or out of a cell with a larger volume than a cell with a smaller volume. In addition, for the nearly cylindrical cells found in etiolated hypocotyls, the ratio of cell surface to cell volume decreases with increasing diameter. Considering that the cell surface is the interf ...
... need to be transported in or out of a cell with a larger volume than a cell with a smaller volume. In addition, for the nearly cylindrical cells found in etiolated hypocotyls, the ratio of cell surface to cell volume decreases with increasing diameter. Considering that the cell surface is the interf ...
1 - Utrecht University Repository
... to the underlying basement membrane. HDs are formed by binding of the integrin α6β4 and BP180 to laminin-332, which is intracellularly stabilized by connection to the intermediate filament system through BP230 and plectin (reviewed by Margadant et al., 2008). In FAs, integrins connect to actin filam ...
... to the underlying basement membrane. HDs are formed by binding of the integrin α6β4 and BP180 to laminin-332, which is intracellularly stabilized by connection to the intermediate filament system through BP230 and plectin (reviewed by Margadant et al., 2008). In FAs, integrins connect to actin filam ...
PDF
... Despite the increased surface area of individual cells, the overall width of the Cfl1C5 neural plate was less than that of WT (Fig. 2B). Cell counts of transverse cephalic sections (from optic vesicle to the first branchial arch) showed that there were only 55% as many cells in the mutant neural pla ...
... Despite the increased surface area of individual cells, the overall width of the Cfl1C5 neural plate was less than that of WT (Fig. 2B). Cell counts of transverse cephalic sections (from optic vesicle to the first branchial arch) showed that there were only 55% as many cells in the mutant neural pla ...
Auxin and other signals on the move in plants Auxins are a class of
... Auxins are not synthesized everywhere, but each cell retains the potential ability to do so, and only under specific conditions will auxin synthesis be activated. For that purpose, not only do auxins have to be translocated toward those sites where they are needed but there has to be an established ...
... Auxins are not synthesized everywhere, but each cell retains the potential ability to do so, and only under specific conditions will auxin synthesis be activated. For that purpose, not only do auxins have to be translocated toward those sites where they are needed but there has to be an established ...
Ion Changes in Legume Root Hairs Responding to Nod
... A more recent study of Vigna root hairs allows that active Nod factors induce a rapid (within a few seconds) plateau-like increase in intracellular Ca2⫹ (Gehring et al., 1997). However, the results presented to support their conclusion are fraught with substantial problems. Gehring et al. (1997) use ...
... A more recent study of Vigna root hairs allows that active Nod factors induce a rapid (within a few seconds) plateau-like increase in intracellular Ca2⫹ (Gehring et al., 1997). However, the results presented to support their conclusion are fraught with substantial problems. Gehring et al. (1997) use ...
A Receptor-Like Kinase Mediates Ammonium
... rape plants showed a large increase in NH4+ concentrations in xylem sap when supplied NH 4 + as a major nitrogen source (Finnemann and Schjoerring, 1999) suggest that NH4+ is also exported from the cytoplasm into the apoplasm or the vacuole. In fact, two Arabidopsis genes, TIP2;1 and TIP2;3, which e ...
... rape plants showed a large increase in NH4+ concentrations in xylem sap when supplied NH 4 + as a major nitrogen source (Finnemann and Schjoerring, 1999) suggest that NH4+ is also exported from the cytoplasm into the apoplasm or the vacuole. In fact, two Arabidopsis genes, TIP2;1 and TIP2;3, which e ...
Notochord vacuoles are lysosome-related organelles that function in
... readily label inner notochord cells in intact embryos, we cultured dissected notochords in medium with FM4-64 for 30 min and then assessed dye distribution by confocal microscopy. In partially intact notochords, the dye was internalized and transiently colocalized with the early endosomal marker Ven ...
... readily label inner notochord cells in intact embryos, we cultured dissected notochords in medium with FM4-64 for 30 min and then assessed dye distribution by confocal microscopy. In partially intact notochords, the dye was internalized and transiently colocalized with the early endosomal marker Ven ...
Notochord vacuoles are lysosome-related organelles that function in
... the embryo before bone formation. This axial support is crucial for locomotion in embryos that develop externally, such as fish and amphibians, to evade predation. The pressure exerted from the inflating notochord vacuoles on the constricting perinotochordal basement membrane gives this structure it ...
... the embryo before bone formation. This axial support is crucial for locomotion in embryos that develop externally, such as fish and amphibians, to evade predation. The pressure exerted from the inflating notochord vacuoles on the constricting perinotochordal basement membrane gives this structure it ...
Xyloglucan and its Interactions with Other Components of the
... to a backbone length of 28 glucose residues (14 nm) whereas 900 kDa corresponds to 2,800 glucose residues (1,400 nm). This 100-fold range in peak values is truly remarkable for a wall component thought to play a central structural role in cell wall architecture and mechanics. Chain length estimates ...
... to a backbone length of 28 glucose residues (14 nm) whereas 900 kDa corresponds to 2,800 glucose residues (1,400 nm). This 100-fold range in peak values is truly remarkable for a wall component thought to play a central structural role in cell wall architecture and mechanics. Chain length estimates ...
Ions and Pollen Tube Growth
... Messerli and Robinson 1998). The indicator dyes, especially when used at more elevated levels, appear to locally buffer the pollen tube cytoplasm and dissipate the activity that is being sought. When low concentrations of the indicator BCECF–dextran are used (0.3–0.5 µM) a gradient in pH becomes evi ...
... Messerli and Robinson 1998). The indicator dyes, especially when used at more elevated levels, appear to locally buffer the pollen tube cytoplasm and dissipate the activity that is being sought. When low concentrations of the indicator BCECF–dextran are used (0.3–0.5 µM) a gradient in pH becomes evi ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell Plate Formation in
... in the tomograms produced for this study, only three exhibited an hourglass morphology as depicted in Figure 6A. This low number suggests that the formation of the large-light vesicles is a fast process. It also explains why such hourglass structures have not previously been observed in dividing som ...
... in the tomograms produced for this study, only three exhibited an hourglass morphology as depicted in Figure 6A. This low number suggests that the formation of the large-light vesicles is a fast process. It also explains why such hourglass structures have not previously been observed in dividing som ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell Plate Formation in
... in the tomograms produced for this study, only three exhibited an hourglass morphology as depicted in Figure 6A. This low number suggests that the formation of the large-light vesicles is a fast process. It also explains why such hourglass structures have not previously been observed in dividing som ...
... in the tomograms produced for this study, only three exhibited an hourglass morphology as depicted in Figure 6A. This low number suggests that the formation of the large-light vesicles is a fast process. It also explains why such hourglass structures have not previously been observed in dividing som ...
Electron Tomographic Analysis of Somatic Cell
... in the tomograms produced for this study, only three exhibited an hourglass morphology as depicted in Figure 6A. This low number suggests that the formation of the large-light vesicles is a fast process. It also explains why such hourglass structures have not previously been observed in dividing som ...
... in the tomograms produced for this study, only three exhibited an hourglass morphology as depicted in Figure 6A. This low number suggests that the formation of the large-light vesicles is a fast process. It also explains why such hourglass structures have not previously been observed in dividing som ...
LIU-THESIS - eCommons@USASK
... system to examine the role of the apoplast in intracellular freezing avoidance. Since intracellular freezing avoidance is critical to both sensitive and resistant plants, non-acclimated and cold acclimated onion tissue was compared. The large 250 (length) x 50 (width) x 90 µm (thickness) intact sing ...
... system to examine the role of the apoplast in intracellular freezing avoidance. Since intracellular freezing avoidance is critical to both sensitive and resistant plants, non-acclimated and cold acclimated onion tissue was compared. The large 250 (length) x 50 (width) x 90 µm (thickness) intact sing ...
Role of the posterior vacuole in Spraguea lophii (Microsporidia
... medium containing primed spore material. In the absence of hydrogen peroxide, activated spores yielded no detectable oxygen and spore hatching was greatly reduced. The enzyme ACOX is always found in association with peroxisomes (Van Veldhoven et al. 1991, Wanders et al. 2001). Colorimetric determina ...
... medium containing primed spore material. In the absence of hydrogen peroxide, activated spores yielded no detectable oxygen and spore hatching was greatly reduced. The enzyme ACOX is always found in association with peroxisomes (Van Veldhoven et al. 1991, Wanders et al. 2001). Colorimetric determina ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑