Phloem transport: a review of mechanisms and
... this widely accepted Münch theory has required remarkably few adaptations, but the debate on alternative and additional hypotheses is still ongoing. Recently, a possible shortcoming of the Münch theory has been pointed out, suggesting that the Münch pressure flow is more suitable for herbs than for ...
... this widely accepted Münch theory has required remarkably few adaptations, but the debate on alternative and additional hypotheses is still ongoing. Recently, a possible shortcoming of the Münch theory has been pointed out, suggesting that the Münch pressure flow is more suitable for herbs than for ...
Phloem transport: A review of mechanisms and controls (PDF
... this widely accepted Münch theory has required remarkably few adaptations, but the debate on alternative and additional hypotheses is still ongoing. Recently, a possible shortcoming of the Münch theory has been pointed out, suggesting that the Münch pressure flow is more suitable for herbs than for ...
... this widely accepted Münch theory has required remarkably few adaptations, but the debate on alternative and additional hypotheses is still ongoing. Recently, a possible shortcoming of the Münch theory has been pointed out, suggesting that the Münch pressure flow is more suitable for herbs than for ...
Sucrose metabolism: regulatory mechanisms and pivotal roles in
... In addition to their production of metabolic substrates, each site and path of sucrose cleavage described above can initiate a distinctive profile of sugar signals, which in turn can have profound developmental effects (Figure 3). In general, hexoses favor cell division and expansion, whereas sucros ...
... In addition to their production of metabolic substrates, each site and path of sucrose cleavage described above can initiate a distinctive profile of sugar signals, which in turn can have profound developmental effects (Figure 3). In general, hexoses favor cell division and expansion, whereas sucros ...
The role of yolk syncytial layer and blastoderm movements during
... progenitor (or “hypoblast)” cells. This revealed that, besides the similarity in the overall direction of movement, YSL nuclei and hypoblast cell movements display differences in speed and directionality. Next, the interaction between YSL and hypoblast was addressed. The movement of the blastoderm w ...
... progenitor (or “hypoblast)” cells. This revealed that, besides the similarity in the overall direction of movement, YSL nuclei and hypoblast cell movements display differences in speed and directionality. Next, the interaction between YSL and hypoblast was addressed. The movement of the blastoderm w ...
Interactions of Elongation Factor 1 Cell Protrusions with F-Actin and
... other functionally related proteins) may affect the location of nucleation of actin polymerization that would define the direction of protrusion and, therefore, polarity of movement. For instance, the translation of the mRNA only while it is at the leading edge of fibroblasts would result in the sel ...
... other functionally related proteins) may affect the location of nucleation of actin polymerization that would define the direction of protrusion and, therefore, polarity of movement. For instance, the translation of the mRNA only while it is at the leading edge of fibroblasts would result in the sel ...
REVIEWS - Unisciel
... of Z-line titin contain a binding site for telethonin (also known as T-cap), which is a small protein that is involved in cellular signalling mechanisms 24,30. Adjacent to the telethonin/T-cap site, there is a differentially spliced unique sequence that has a repeated motif of ~45 residues. These ‘Z ...
... of Z-line titin contain a binding site for telethonin (also known as T-cap), which is a small protein that is involved in cellular signalling mechanisms 24,30. Adjacent to the telethonin/T-cap site, there is a differentially spliced unique sequence that has a repeated motif of ~45 residues. These ‘Z ...
Roles of Arabidopsis PARC6 in Coordination of
... well as to test the interactions with and effects of putative FtsZ assembly regulators (Srinivasan et al., 2007, 2008; TerBush and Osteryoung, 2012; Zhang et al., 2013). When expressed alone in S. pombe, PARC677-573mCherry fluorescence appeared diffusely localized in the cytosol (Fig. 3A), similar to ...
... well as to test the interactions with and effects of putative FtsZ assembly regulators (Srinivasan et al., 2007, 2008; TerBush and Osteryoung, 2012; Zhang et al., 2013). When expressed alone in S. pombe, PARC677-573mCherry fluorescence appeared diffusely localized in the cytosol (Fig. 3A), similar to ...
Document
... replenish amino acids and energy during starvation or growth factor withdrawal; (d) acting on or in concert with the molecular machineries and organelles at the interface between cell survival and cell death (e) controlling and acting as an effector or a regulator of innate and adaptive immunity and ...
... replenish amino acids and energy during starvation or growth factor withdrawal; (d) acting on or in concert with the molecular machineries and organelles at the interface between cell survival and cell death (e) controlling and acting as an effector or a regulator of innate and adaptive immunity and ...
Nanoscale Architecture of Endoplasmic Reticulum Export Sites and
... of seconds and even fractions of seconds. Thus, to preserve these membrane systems in their natural state for electron microscope (EM) analysis requires fixation methods that can stabilize cellular structures in a fraction of a second and processing techniques that can preserve the stabilized struct ...
... of seconds and even fractions of seconds. Thus, to preserve these membrane systems in their natural state for electron microscope (EM) analysis requires fixation methods that can stabilize cellular structures in a fraction of a second and processing techniques that can preserve the stabilized struct ...
Discrete Domains Mediate the Light-Responsive
... and DET1, which are nuclear-targeted proteins whose interactions with the COP9-containing complex remain to be resolved (Pepper et al., 1994; von Arnim and Deng, 1994). Overexpression of the COP1 protein in transgenic Arabidopsis induces features of the etiolation pathway under light conditions, mos ...
... and DET1, which are nuclear-targeted proteins whose interactions with the COP9-containing complex remain to be resolved (Pepper et al., 1994; von Arnim and Deng, 1994). Overexpression of the COP1 protein in transgenic Arabidopsis induces features of the etiolation pathway under light conditions, mos ...
Vacuolar calcium channels - Journal of Experimental Botany
... et al., 1995; Felle and Hepler, 1997; Plieth, 2001). During Ca2+-mediated signal transduction processes, cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations may transiently reach 1 lM and more, but they always remain low compared with those in the vacuole. In higher plants, vacuolar free Ca2+ concentrations of 1.5–2 ...
... et al., 1995; Felle and Hepler, 1997; Plieth, 2001). During Ca2+-mediated signal transduction processes, cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations may transiently reach 1 lM and more, but they always remain low compared with those in the vacuole. In higher plants, vacuolar free Ca2+ concentrations of 1.5–2 ...
CELL WALLS OF GROWING PLANT CELLS
... microfibrils together by forming molecular tethers, which is referred to as the ‘sticky network’ model. Plant growth occurs when these tethers are peeled from the microfibrils by expansins or broken by glycosidases or transglycosylases. A number of researchers have presented theoretical difficulties ...
... microfibrils together by forming molecular tethers, which is referred to as the ‘sticky network’ model. Plant growth occurs when these tethers are peeled from the microfibrils by expansins or broken by glycosidases or transglycosylases. A number of researchers have presented theoretical difficulties ...
Muscle arm development in Caenorhabditis elegans
... specialized membrane extensions called muscle arms (Stretton, 1976; Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1983; White et al., 1986). Muscle arms have a simple morphology consisting of a thin stalk that emanates from the cell body and a bifurcated terminus that contacts the nerve cord. The 16 an ...
... specialized membrane extensions called muscle arms (Stretton, 1976; Sulston and Horvitz, 1977; Sulston et al., 1983; White et al., 1986). Muscle arms have a simple morphology consisting of a thin stalk that emanates from the cell body and a bifurcated terminus that contacts the nerve cord. The 16 an ...
Response of Mitochondrial Traffic to Axon Determination and
... or does it precede and perhaps predict them? We have used axon determination, elongation, and alternating branch growth in hippocampal neurons to analyze the cellular cues that control mitochondrial traffic. During the stage 2–3 transition, when one minor process becomes the axon and accelerates its ...
... or does it precede and perhaps predict them? We have used axon determination, elongation, and alternating branch growth in hippocampal neurons to analyze the cellular cues that control mitochondrial traffic. During the stage 2–3 transition, when one minor process becomes the axon and accelerates its ...
Negative regulators of integrin activity - Journal of Cell Science
... compete with talin for integrin binding (Fig. 3). However, the relative binding affinities of these interactions are not known. Kindlins interact with the distal NxxY sequence of integrin tails (Moser et al., 2009) and have been shown to activate integrins, possibly by stabilising talin–integrin int ...
... compete with talin for integrin binding (Fig. 3). However, the relative binding affinities of these interactions are not known. Kindlins interact with the distal NxxY sequence of integrin tails (Moser et al., 2009) and have been shown to activate integrins, possibly by stabilising talin–integrin int ...
iv Molecular Mechanisms of Notochord Vacuole
... throughout spine development. .............................................................................2 Figure 2. The notochord patterns surrounding tissues during early development.5 Figure 3. Notochord cell layers differentiate through Notch signaling ...................9 Figure 4 ...
... throughout spine development. .............................................................................2 Figure 2. The notochord patterns surrounding tissues during early development.5 Figure 3. Notochord cell layers differentiate through Notch signaling ...................9 Figure 4 ...
Identification of proteins localized to the contractile vacuole of
... belong to families of small and membrane-associated proteins that are distributed on the cytoplasmic surfaces of all membranes of the secretory pathway and are involved in membrane trafficking (Mayer et al. 1996; Weber et al. 1998). The membrane trafficking of transport vesicles delivers proteins, h ...
... belong to families of small and membrane-associated proteins that are distributed on the cytoplasmic surfaces of all membranes of the secretory pathway and are involved in membrane trafficking (Mayer et al. 1996; Weber et al. 1998). The membrane trafficking of transport vesicles delivers proteins, h ...
AtAMT1 gene expression and NH uptake in roots of glutamine levels
... cloned from A. thaliana by heterologous complementation of the mep1-1 mep2-1 NH4+ transport mutant of S. cerevisiae (Ninneman et al., 1994). The predicted sequence of the AtAmt1 transporter was homologous with the Mep1 NH4+ transport protein from S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, when expressed heterologo ...
... cloned from A. thaliana by heterologous complementation of the mep1-1 mep2-1 NH4+ transport mutant of S. cerevisiae (Ninneman et al., 1994). The predicted sequence of the AtAmt1 transporter was homologous with the Mep1 NH4+ transport protein from S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, when expressed heterologo ...
Identification of a Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting Determinant in
... composed of an a-helix followed by a 13-turn and a second a-helix. A helical wheel projection analysis of the helices revealed that the first a-helix is most likely amphipathic. The presence of an amphipathic a-helix in the propeptide is reminiscent of the propeptides of nuclear-encoded mitochondria ...
... composed of an a-helix followed by a 13-turn and a second a-helix. A helical wheel projection analysis of the helices revealed that the first a-helix is most likely amphipathic. The presence of an amphipathic a-helix in the propeptide is reminiscent of the propeptides of nuclear-encoded mitochondria ...
Autophagy Contributes to Leaf Starch DegradationC
... and organelles (Klionsky and Emr, 2000). Three types of autophagy have been defined: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engul ...
... and organelles (Klionsky and Emr, 2000). Three types of autophagy have been defined: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engul ...
Compare TIRF Geometries
... TIRF is a powerful analytical technique with numerous applications in the area of life sciences [1-3]. In particular, TIRF is “...a method uniquely suited to image the plasma membrane with its associated organelles and macromolecules in living cells. The method shows even the smallest vesicles made ...
... TIRF is a powerful analytical technique with numerous applications in the area of life sciences [1-3]. In particular, TIRF is “...a method uniquely suited to image the plasma membrane with its associated organelles and macromolecules in living cells. The method shows even the smallest vesicles made ...
Autophagy Contributes to Leaf Starch DegradationC
... and organelles (Klionsky and Emr, 2000). Three types of autophagy have been defined: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engul ...
... and organelles (Klionsky and Emr, 2000). Three types of autophagy have been defined: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engul ...
Autophagy Contributes to Leaf Starch DegradationC
... and organelles (Klionsky and Emr, 2000). Three types of autophagy have been defined: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engul ...
... and organelles (Klionsky and Emr, 2000). Three types of autophagy have been defined: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (Massey et al., 2004). Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), the major type of autophagy, occurs when cytoplasmic constituents are engul ...
Full-Text PDF
... Brassica juncea, NNANN1 from Nelumbo nucifera, GHANN1 from cotton, Gossypium hirutum and STANN1 from potato, Solanum tuberosum) play a role in stress tolerance of tobacco, cotton, and Arabidopsis [3,10]. In transgenic plants expressing higher levels of this annexin, degradation of photosynthetic pig ...
... Brassica juncea, NNANN1 from Nelumbo nucifera, GHANN1 from cotton, Gossypium hirutum and STANN1 from potato, Solanum tuberosum) play a role in stress tolerance of tobacco, cotton, and Arabidopsis [3,10]. In transgenic plants expressing higher levels of this annexin, degradation of photosynthetic pig ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑