Vocab smack-down
... RULES of the GAME: • You must keep your voice at a whisper • LISTEN/READ the correct answer on the board for EVERY question… • This game is to help you prepare for the test! • If you cannot keep yourselves under control, you will have an alternative assignment: • Write definitions/characteristics of ...
... RULES of the GAME: • You must keep your voice at a whisper • LISTEN/READ the correct answer on the board for EVERY question… • This game is to help you prepare for the test! • If you cannot keep yourselves under control, you will have an alternative assignment: • Write definitions/characteristics of ...
Microtubule Independent Vesiculation of Golgi Membranes and the
... dispersed in the cytoplasm (Fig. 4 C). Upon removal of nocodazole, microtubules repolymerize (Fig. 4 F) and these Golgi structures reform into the Golgi complex localized to the pericentriolar region of the cell (Fig. 4 E). To identify the organization of the assembled form of VGMs in the presence o ...
... dispersed in the cytoplasm (Fig. 4 C). Upon removal of nocodazole, microtubules repolymerize (Fig. 4 F) and these Golgi structures reform into the Golgi complex localized to the pericentriolar region of the cell (Fig. 4 E). To identify the organization of the assembled form of VGMs in the presence o ...
Extracellular ATP Functions as an
... ATP is a vital molecule used by living organisms as a universal source of energy required to drive the cogwheels of intracellular biochemical reactions necessary for growth and development. Animal cells release ATP to the extracellular milieu, where it functions as the primary signaling cue at the e ...
... ATP is a vital molecule used by living organisms as a universal source of energy required to drive the cogwheels of intracellular biochemical reactions necessary for growth and development. Animal cells release ATP to the extracellular milieu, where it functions as the primary signaling cue at the e ...
Active Transport of the Survival Motor Neuron Protein and
... Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by deletion and/or mutation of the survival motor neuron protein Gene (SMN1) that results in the expression of a truncated protein lacking the C terminal exon-7. Whereas SMN has been shown to be an important component of diverse rib ...
... Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by deletion and/or mutation of the survival motor neuron protein Gene (SMN1) that results in the expression of a truncated protein lacking the C terminal exon-7. Whereas SMN has been shown to be an important component of diverse rib ...
Dissecting stimulus-specific Ca2+ signals in amyloplasts and
... chloroplasts, and in plastids in general, is still elusive, with only little information so far available on the involvement of plastids in Ca2+ homeostasis and the generation of specific Ca2+ signals inside the plastids (Nomura and Shiina, 2014). Moreover, it has to be considered that different fun ...
... chloroplasts, and in plastids in general, is still elusive, with only little information so far available on the involvement of plastids in Ca2+ homeostasis and the generation of specific Ca2+ signals inside the plastids (Nomura and Shiina, 2014). Moreover, it has to be considered that different fun ...
-Tubulin Plays an Essential Role in the Coordination of Mitotic Events
... arrested in late G2 by nimT23. They were then shifted rapidly from 43 to 20°C. This shift released the nimT23 block and imposed the mipAD159 block. Samples were collected immediately before the shift from 43 to 20°C and at intervals afterward and were prepared for immunofluorescence microscopy. As a ...
... arrested in late G2 by nimT23. They were then shifted rapidly from 43 to 20°C. This shift released the nimT23 block and imposed the mipAD159 block. Samples were collected immediately before the shift from 43 to 20°C and at intervals afterward and were prepared for immunofluorescence microscopy. As a ...
Role of hsp90 and the hsp90-binding immunophilins in signalling
... its peptidylprolyl isomerase activity. Presumably, the folding change due to isomerization occurs in the client protein itself, although that remains to be demonstrated. It should be noted that GR that has been assembled into GR hsp90 heterocomplexes by the purified heterocomplex assembly system in ...
... its peptidylprolyl isomerase activity. Presumably, the folding change due to isomerization occurs in the client protein itself, although that remains to be demonstrated. It should be noted that GR that has been assembled into GR hsp90 heterocomplexes by the purified heterocomplex assembly system in ...
Microtubules
... sheets, & eventually microtubules. Heterodimers can add or dissociate at either end of a microtubule in vitro, but there is greater tendency for subunits to add at the plus end, where b-tubulin is exposed. ...
... sheets, & eventually microtubules. Heterodimers can add or dissociate at either end of a microtubule in vitro, but there is greater tendency for subunits to add at the plus end, where b-tubulin is exposed. ...
assembly and enlargement of the primary cell wall in plants
... enzymatic machinery for synthesis of cellulose and related wall polysaccharides (Carpita et al 1996). Glycosyltransferases of this type are likely to have two active sites for transferring glycosyl residues from their nucleotide donors to the nascent polymer acceptor (Saxena et al 1995), an arrangem ...
... enzymatic machinery for synthesis of cellulose and related wall polysaccharides (Carpita et al 1996). Glycosyltransferases of this type are likely to have two active sites for transferring glycosyl residues from their nucleotide donors to the nascent polymer acceptor (Saxena et al 1995), an arrangem ...
Actin-Dependent and -Independent Functions of
... cortical actin filaments in the F-actin cap was often transverse. Thus, these results indicate that cortical F-actin is first to populate the enlarging bulge in trichome branching. This is followed by localization of cortical microtubules to the same site (compare Figures 1B and 1C with Figures 1I and ...
... cortical actin filaments in the F-actin cap was often transverse. Thus, these results indicate that cortical F-actin is first to populate the enlarging bulge in trichome branching. This is followed by localization of cortical microtubules to the same site (compare Figures 1B and 1C with Figures 1I and ...
Dissection of Cell Division Processes in the One Cell Stage
... tubulin and ZYG-9, a centrosomal marker. This analysis revealed that two pronuclear migration loci are required for generating normal microtubule arrays and four for centrosome separation. All 34 loci have been mapped by deficiencies to distinct regions of chromosome III, thus paving the way for the ...
... tubulin and ZYG-9, a centrosomal marker. This analysis revealed that two pronuclear migration loci are required for generating normal microtubule arrays and four for centrosome separation. All 34 loci have been mapped by deficiencies to distinct regions of chromosome III, thus paving the way for the ...
Fungi represent a group of heterotrophic living organisms which are
... Fungi represent a group of heterotrophic living organisms which are distinct from all others, and have been assigned to their own kingdom, Fungi. At present, about 100,000 species of fungi are scientifically known, and around 200,000 more species are estimated to still undiscovered. Fungi are causat ...
... Fungi represent a group of heterotrophic living organisms which are distinct from all others, and have been assigned to their own kingdom, Fungi. At present, about 100,000 species of fungi are scientifically known, and around 200,000 more species are estimated to still undiscovered. Fungi are causat ...
Protozoa - Dr Magrann
... Of scientific and economic importance. Many free-living forms – marine. Most microscopic - ~5 – 20 um (but some new spp 0.5 – 2um). Since unicellular, each cell must do all basic functions multi-cellular organisms do. ...
... Of scientific and economic importance. Many free-living forms – marine. Most microscopic - ~5 – 20 um (but some new spp 0.5 – 2um). Since unicellular, each cell must do all basic functions multi-cellular organisms do. ...
Relationship of Net Chloride Flow across the Human Erythrocyte
... rate for different anions would be expected to be more nearly similar than the exchange rates for the same anions, which are determined by the translocation rate for the carrier-anion complex. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with this prediction (Knauf et al ., 1977 ; Hunter, 1 ...
... rate for different anions would be expected to be more nearly similar than the exchange rates for the same anions, which are determined by the translocation rate for the carrier-anion complex. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with this prediction (Knauf et al ., 1977 ; Hunter, 1 ...
Multiple classes of yeast mutants are defective in vacuole
... Vacuole segregation and protein transport pathways are interrelated processes. For example, vacuolar proteins required for vacuole partitioning must be correctly localized to the vacuole. In addition, some components may be involved both in protein transport and vacuole segregation. The Class D vacu ...
... Vacuole segregation and protein transport pathways are interrelated processes. For example, vacuolar proteins required for vacuole partitioning must be correctly localized to the vacuole. In addition, some components may be involved both in protein transport and vacuole segregation. The Class D vacu ...
Vesicle trafficking dynamics and visualization of zones of exocytosis
... These internalized vesicles could also contain membrane proteins that are recycled by trafficking to the enodosomal compartment, as well as bulk fluid and soluble molecules (pinocytosis). Endocytic vesicles can invaginate into coated pits and pinch-off as clathrin-coated vesicles (Maldonado-Baez and ...
... These internalized vesicles could also contain membrane proteins that are recycled by trafficking to the enodosomal compartment, as well as bulk fluid and soluble molecules (pinocytosis). Endocytic vesicles can invaginate into coated pits and pinch-off as clathrin-coated vesicles (Maldonado-Baez and ...
Classes of programmed cell death in plants
... might prevent sugars from passing from cell to cell and thus might lead to a lack of ATP if sugars are also not loaded into the cell from the apoplast. Tulip petal PCD (senescence) has been shown to be related to early ATP depletion (Azad et al., 2008). ‘Autolytic’ PCD often requires serine protease ...
... might prevent sugars from passing from cell to cell and thus might lead to a lack of ATP if sugars are also not loaded into the cell from the apoplast. Tulip petal PCD (senescence) has been shown to be related to early ATP depletion (Azad et al., 2008). ‘Autolytic’ PCD often requires serine protease ...
Genetic Dissection of Chloroplast Biogenesis and
... the topic, we are restricted to citing examples of recent articles and reviews, with a strong emphasis on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), because the majority of the genetics studies have been performed on this model plant. DESCRIPTION OF CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT ...
... the topic, we are restricted to citing examples of recent articles and reviews, with a strong emphasis on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), because the majority of the genetics studies have been performed on this model plant. DESCRIPTION OF CHLOROPLAST BIOGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT ...
Cellular Auxin Transport in Algae
... transport. In view of modern phylogenetics, the division Charophyta contains the closest living relatives to the land plants. In this division, the order Charales has been widely accepted as a sister-relationship to the land plants over the past century, which was based also on the morphology since ...
... transport. In view of modern phylogenetics, the division Charophyta contains the closest living relatives to the land plants. In this division, the order Charales has been widely accepted as a sister-relationship to the land plants over the past century, which was based also on the morphology since ...
Oxidative-stress-induced nuclear to cytoplasmic relocalization is
... cyclin C in vitro by utilizing Lys48, a ubiquitin linkage associated with directing substrates to the 26S proteasome. Before its degradation, cyclin C, but not Cdk8p, translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This translocation requires both the cell-wallintegrity MAPK module and phospholipase ...
... cyclin C in vitro by utilizing Lys48, a ubiquitin linkage associated with directing substrates to the 26S proteasome. Before its degradation, cyclin C, but not Cdk8p, translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. This translocation requires both the cell-wallintegrity MAPK module and phospholipase ...
amoeba notes 14
... The amoeba is a protozoan that belongs to the Kingdom Protista. The name amoeba comes from the Greek word “amoibe”, which means change. (Amoeba is also spelled ameba.) Protists are microscopic unicellular organisms that don't fit into the other kingdoms (fungus, plants, and animals). Some protozoans ...
... The amoeba is a protozoan that belongs to the Kingdom Protista. The name amoeba comes from the Greek word “amoibe”, which means change. (Amoeba is also spelled ameba.) Protists are microscopic unicellular organisms that don't fit into the other kingdoms (fungus, plants, and animals). Some protozoans ...
Vacuoles - Plant Physiology
... findings. Uptake was highly sensitive to external pH (Fig. 2), and sugar flux would therefore depend on a higher proton concentrawas markedly stimulated by the addition of buffered MgATP to tion at one surface of the membrane than at the other (cf. 7). the medium (Fig. 3 and Table I). The uncoupler ...
... findings. Uptake was highly sensitive to external pH (Fig. 2), and sugar flux would therefore depend on a higher proton concentrawas markedly stimulated by the addition of buffered MgATP to tion at one surface of the membrane than at the other (cf. 7). the medium (Fig. 3 and Table I). The uncoupler ...
Threshold Levels of Fluid Shear Promote Leukocyte
... shear stresses below 0.25 dyn/cm2 (Fig. 1 B). The threshold wall shear stress required for optimal rolling on P-selectin was z0.5 dyn/cm2, half of that observed for L-selectin– dependent rolling, and was influenced by the site density of P-selectin. HL-60 cell adhesion to purified E-selectin was exa ...
... shear stresses below 0.25 dyn/cm2 (Fig. 1 B). The threshold wall shear stress required for optimal rolling on P-selectin was z0.5 dyn/cm2, half of that observed for L-selectin– dependent rolling, and was influenced by the site density of P-selectin. HL-60 cell adhesion to purified E-selectin was exa ...
DNA Gyrase Is Involved in Chloroplast Nucleoid
... To analyze the effect of TRV:GyrA and TRV:GyrB VIGS on chloroplast number and size, protoplasts were generated from newly emerged leaves of TRV:GyrA and TRV:GyrB lines with the yellowing phenotype. These were then examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (Figure 3A). Protoplasts from the TRV:T ...
... To analyze the effect of TRV:GyrA and TRV:GyrB VIGS on chloroplast number and size, protoplasts were generated from newly emerged leaves of TRV:GyrA and TRV:GyrB lines with the yellowing phenotype. These were then examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy (Figure 3A). Protoplasts from the TRV:T ...
antoniadi_et_al._2015.
... Moreover, the presence of NaCl in the sorting buffer might also have a detrimental effect on the process efficiency of the microSPE protocol, especially because high concentrations of chloride anions compete with CKs for the binding sites of the stationary phases used and thus decreasing mainly the r ...
... Moreover, the presence of NaCl in the sorting buffer might also have a detrimental effect on the process efficiency of the microSPE protocol, especially because high concentrations of chloride anions compete with CKs for the binding sites of the stationary phases used and thus decreasing mainly the r ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑