Using monoclonal antibodies to label living root hairs: a novel tool
... and JIM7 may not be accessible to the antibody in growing root hairs when using live seedlings. JIM20, a mAb with specificity toward extensin, labeled the root hairs of all genotypes as exemplified by vti13 (Figure 4F; Table 1). These results help define the dynamics of the root hair cell wall and h ...
... and JIM7 may not be accessible to the antibody in growing root hairs when using live seedlings. JIM20, a mAb with specificity toward extensin, labeled the root hairs of all genotypes as exemplified by vti13 (Figure 4F; Table 1). These results help define the dynamics of the root hair cell wall and h ...
PDF - International Journal of Biological Sciences
... three-dimensional polymeric internal structure [3, 4]. The actin cytoskeleton is known to consist of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments with many accessory proteins. The dynamic reassembly of this intracellular protein network regulates the cell shape, cellular adhesions to th ...
... three-dimensional polymeric internal structure [3, 4]. The actin cytoskeleton is known to consist of actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments with many accessory proteins. The dynamic reassembly of this intracellular protein network regulates the cell shape, cellular adhesions to th ...
Unit 6 Microorganisms & Fungi
... Brown algae - contain chlorophyll a & c, as well as a brown accessory pigment, fucoxanthin ...
... Brown algae - contain chlorophyll a & c, as well as a brown accessory pigment, fucoxanthin ...
Chloroplast structure: from chlorophyll granules to supra
... that the crystal structures alone cannot explain many known functional properties of thylakoid membranes. What is needed now is more precise information on how the different complexes are organized in thylakoid membranes and how this organization is altered in response to short-term (seconds to hour ...
... that the crystal structures alone cannot explain many known functional properties of thylakoid membranes. What is needed now is more precise information on how the different complexes are organized in thylakoid membranes and how this organization is altered in response to short-term (seconds to hour ...
Branching of Sensory and Sympathetic Neurites in vitro Is Inhibited
... (Fig. 3, C-J).In taxol, this splayingof microtubules at the neurite tip is lessexpansive (Fig. 3, g, h). Electron micrographsshowing thesefeatures in extracted growth cones have been published previously (Letourneau, 1983; Letoumeau and Ressler, 1984). Another characteristic feature of the distribut ...
... (Fig. 3, C-J).In taxol, this splayingof microtubules at the neurite tip is lessexpansive (Fig. 3, g, h). Electron micrographsshowing thesefeatures in extracted growth cones have been published previously (Letourneau, 1983; Letoumeau and Ressler, 1984). Another characteristic feature of the distribut ...
Rapid Movement of Microtubules in Axons
... microtubules move rapidly, but the overall rate of movement is likely to be considerably slower because the movements are also very infrequent. Thus, it appears that both microtubules and neurofilaments move rapidly but intermittently, and that these polymers may actually spend most of their time pa ...
... microtubules move rapidly, but the overall rate of movement is likely to be considerably slower because the movements are also very infrequent. Thus, it appears that both microtubules and neurofilaments move rapidly but intermittently, and that these polymers may actually spend most of their time pa ...
Cytoskeletal Drugs and Gravity-Induced Lateral Auxin Transport in
... role of the cytoskeleton as a pressure transducer to a mechanosensitive element in the plasma membrane (e.g., Nick et al., 1991[18]). In moss protonemata, microtubules have been proposed to mediate gravitropic transduction triggered by the sedimenting amyloplasts (Schwuchow et al., 1990[26]; Walker ...
... role of the cytoskeleton as a pressure transducer to a mechanosensitive element in the plasma membrane (e.g., Nick et al., 1991[18]). In moss protonemata, microtubules have been proposed to mediate gravitropic transduction triggered by the sedimenting amyloplasts (Schwuchow et al., 1990[26]; Walker ...
Actin as target for modification by bacterial protein toxins
... 0.1 and 0.8 lm, respectively. Under polymerizing conditions the critical concentration of polymerization Cc is 0.2 lm, i.e. closer to that of the barbed end [24]. Actin is one of the most highly conserved proteins in nature. In mammals there exist six tissue-specific actin isoforms: a-skeletal, a-car ...
... 0.1 and 0.8 lm, respectively. Under polymerizing conditions the critical concentration of polymerization Cc is 0.2 lm, i.e. closer to that of the barbed end [24]. Actin is one of the most highly conserved proteins in nature. In mammals there exist six tissue-specific actin isoforms: a-skeletal, a-car ...
Characterization of CIC transporter proteins Moradi, Hossein
... cell plasma membrane, the tonoplast and other endomembranes. Among the different transporter systems involved in transport, ion channels represent a large class with important roles. These proteins facilitate passive fluxes of ions down their respective electrochemical gradients. The ClC proteins co ...
... cell plasma membrane, the tonoplast and other endomembranes. Among the different transporter systems involved in transport, ion channels represent a large class with important roles. These proteins facilitate passive fluxes of ions down their respective electrochemical gradients. The ClC proteins co ...
Through form to function: root hair development and nutrient uptake
... specification, initiation, subsequent tip growth and maturation (Fig. 1). Because of these distinct stages of development, root hairs have been used as a model system to begin to understand how plants: • Specify cell fate (whether a cell is destined to make a root hair or not). • Encode positional i ...
... specification, initiation, subsequent tip growth and maturation (Fig. 1). Because of these distinct stages of development, root hairs have been used as a model system to begin to understand how plants: • Specify cell fate (whether a cell is destined to make a root hair or not). • Encode positional i ...
Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Controlling Reactive
... and signalling of systemic acquired acclimation (SAA), in response to environmentally induced oxidative stress in Arabidopsis are characterized. We used the lesion simulating disease1 (lsd1) mutant as a genetic model system that is deregulated in light acclimation and programmed cell death (PCD). In ...
... and signalling of systemic acquired acclimation (SAA), in response to environmentally induced oxidative stress in Arabidopsis are characterized. We used the lesion simulating disease1 (lsd1) mutant as a genetic model system that is deregulated in light acclimation and programmed cell death (PCD). In ...
Characterization of the Enzymatic Component of the ADP
... ADP-ribosylating toxin. The toxin consists of the binding component CDTb, which mediates receptor binding and cellular uptake, and the enzyme component CDTa. Here we studied the enzyme component (CDTa) of the toxin using the binding component of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin (Ib), which is inte ...
... ADP-ribosylating toxin. The toxin consists of the binding component CDTb, which mediates receptor binding and cellular uptake, and the enzyme component CDTa. Here we studied the enzyme component (CDTa) of the toxin using the binding component of Clostridium perfringens iota toxin (Ib), which is inte ...
Chapter 9 Muscle
... disappears 消失 about 48 to 60 hour after death as the muscle tissue disintegrates 崩解 ...
... disappears 消失 about 48 to 60 hour after death as the muscle tissue disintegrates 崩解 ...
In vivo quantification of peroxisome tethering to chloroplasts in
... are critical in understanding and probing the physical interaction between the two ...
... are critical in understanding and probing the physical interaction between the two ...
Marine
... A defined laminar shear environment was obtained using a rotating cylinder apparatus (van Duuren 1968) consisting of two vertically aligned concentric acrylic cylinders separated by a 9-mm gap. The fixed inner cylinder was 8 em in diameter and 15 em high. The outer cylinder rotated at a fixed speed ...
... A defined laminar shear environment was obtained using a rotating cylinder apparatus (van Duuren 1968) consisting of two vertically aligned concentric acrylic cylinders separated by a 9-mm gap. The fixed inner cylinder was 8 em in diameter and 15 em high. The outer cylinder rotated at a fixed speed ...
Did trypanosomatid parasites have photosynthetic
... phylogenetic topology, without adequately considering the organismal context within which that character must function, can result in incongruous morphological data. This can occur because derived characters influence subsequent evolutionary trajectories and are often connected by historical relatio ...
... phylogenetic topology, without adequately considering the organismal context within which that character must function, can result in incongruous morphological data. This can occur because derived characters influence subsequent evolutionary trajectories and are often connected by historical relatio ...
Imaging of the Yellow Cameleon 3.6 Indicator
... In tip-growing cells, the tip-high Ca21 gradient is thought to regulate the activity of components of the growth machinery, including the cytoskeleton, Ca21-dependent regulatory proteins, and the secretory apparatus. In pollen tubes, both the Ca21 gradient and cell elongation show oscillatory behavi ...
... In tip-growing cells, the tip-high Ca21 gradient is thought to regulate the activity of components of the growth machinery, including the cytoskeleton, Ca21-dependent regulatory proteins, and the secretory apparatus. In pollen tubes, both the Ca21 gradient and cell elongation show oscillatory behavi ...
Centrosome Maturation and Mitotic Spindle Assembly in C. elegans
... panels g and h). After NEB, tubulin::GFP rapidly associated with, and radiated out from, condensing chromosomes (Figure 2B, panels j and k). Upon nuclear envelope breakdown during the second attempt at mitosis, we again observed a rapid and apparently random association of MTs with condensed chromos ...
... panels g and h). After NEB, tubulin::GFP rapidly associated with, and radiated out from, condensing chromosomes (Figure 2B, panels j and k). Upon nuclear envelope breakdown during the second attempt at mitosis, we again observed a rapid and apparently random association of MTs with condensed chromos ...
Detergent-Insoluble Membrane Compartment CD20 Required for Its
... or lysine, and the nonspecific protease proteinase K to treat intact Raji B cells as described in Materials and Methods. There is no trypsin digest site present in the putative loop between TM1 and TM2, and four sites in the hydrophilic region between TM3 and TM4. Therefore, the presence of an extra ...
... or lysine, and the nonspecific protease proteinase K to treat intact Raji B cells as described in Materials and Methods. There is no trypsin digest site present in the putative loop between TM1 and TM2, and four sites in the hydrophilic region between TM3 and TM4. Therefore, the presence of an extra ...
Eccentric contraction - Journal of Experimental Biology
... after deactivation, and adjusts its stiffness during shortening to maintain its force at a shorter length (Butler and Siegman, 2010). This elastic element is twitchin, an invertebrate mini-titin (Funabara et al., 2007). During catch, Ca2+ influx triggers dephosphorylation of twitchin, and binding of ...
... after deactivation, and adjusts its stiffness during shortening to maintain its force at a shorter length (Butler and Siegman, 2010). This elastic element is twitchin, an invertebrate mini-titin (Funabara et al., 2007). During catch, Ca2+ influx triggers dephosphorylation of twitchin, and binding of ...
REVIEW ARTICLE Establishment of the axis in chordates: facts and
... (Acipenser), the relatively large amount of yolk causes cleavage to be slower in the vegetal than in the animal half. As a result, the more vegetally situated cells remain ‘open’ for a longer time, which may allow more time for the vegetal determinants to continue their gravity-directed movement tow ...
... (Acipenser), the relatively large amount of yolk causes cleavage to be slower in the vegetal than in the animal half. As a result, the more vegetally situated cells remain ‘open’ for a longer time, which may allow more time for the vegetal determinants to continue their gravity-directed movement tow ...
Organelle Assembly in Yeast: Characterization of
... to the gene for the normally secreted enzyme invertase (Inv) contain sufficient sorting information to divert delivery of enzymatically active Inv to the yeast vacuole (2, 21). Mutants have been selected that missort and secrete such CPY-Inv hybrid proteins. The 'x,600 mutants isolated thus far have ...
... to the gene for the normally secreted enzyme invertase (Inv) contain sufficient sorting information to divert delivery of enzymatically active Inv to the yeast vacuole (2, 21). Mutants have been selected that missort and secrete such CPY-Inv hybrid proteins. The 'x,600 mutants isolated thus far have ...
CONDUCTION INTRODUCTION
... nodes (due to greatly decreased time constant for conduction) and pauses to regenerate itself only at the nodes of Ranvier. The nodes of Ranvier occur about every mm which is a good deal less than the length constant of the cell, which is greatly increased due to the myelination. This assures that t ...
... nodes (due to greatly decreased time constant for conduction) and pauses to regenerate itself only at the nodes of Ranvier. The nodes of Ranvier occur about every mm which is a good deal less than the length constant of the cell, which is greatly increased due to the myelination. This assures that t ...
Depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores enhances flow
... Measurement of [Ca2 þ ]i and store Ca2 þ content in endothelial cells An artery was placed in a specially designed flow chamber, which was mounted on an inverted microscope equipped with a 20 Olympus water immersion objective. The artery was pressurized to 50 mmHg and stabilized for 30 min in Tyro ...
... Measurement of [Ca2 þ ]i and store Ca2 þ content in endothelial cells An artery was placed in a specially designed flow chamber, which was mounted on an inverted microscope equipped with a 20 Olympus water immersion objective. The artery was pressurized to 50 mmHg and stabilized for 30 min in Tyro ...
ZEBRANECROSIS, a thylakoidbound protein, is critical for the
... temperature (permissive) conditions. Map-based cloning revealed that ZN encodes a thylakoid-bound protein of unknown function. Virus-induced gene silencing of a ZN homolog in Nicotiana benthamiana causes leaf variegation with sporadic green/yellow sectors, indicating that ZN is essential for chlorop ...
... temperature (permissive) conditions. Map-based cloning revealed that ZN encodes a thylakoid-bound protein of unknown function. Virus-induced gene silencing of a ZN homolog in Nicotiana benthamiana causes leaf variegation with sporadic green/yellow sectors, indicating that ZN is essential for chlorop ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑