The actin cytoskeleton is a target of the self
... plants has attempted to characterize the effect that signalling stimuli have on actin dynamics or, more speci®cally, the state of actin polymerization. Tip growing cells provide a good system whereby the signals responsible for mediating changes to the actin cytoskeleton may be studied. In plants, p ...
... plants has attempted to characterize the effect that signalling stimuli have on actin dynamics or, more speci®cally, the state of actin polymerization. Tip growing cells provide a good system whereby the signals responsible for mediating changes to the actin cytoskeleton may be studied. In plants, p ...
Isolation of a New High Molecular Weight Protein Associated with
... The filaments obtained are composed of the two known muscle intermediate-filament proteins, vimentin and desmin, as well as the vimentin- and desmin-associated high molecular weight protein, synemin (230,000 mol wt) . In addition, they contain a previously unidentified high molecular weight protein ...
... The filaments obtained are composed of the two known muscle intermediate-filament proteins, vimentin and desmin, as well as the vimentin- and desmin-associated high molecular weight protein, synemin (230,000 mol wt) . In addition, they contain a previously unidentified high molecular weight protein ...
Electron Microscopy of Intermediate Filaments: Teaming up with
... method was employed to visualize the fine details of neurofilaments being crossbridged to microtubules (Hirokawa, 1982) as well as those of keratin IFs and microfilaments in the terminal web from mouse intestinal epithelial cells (Hirokawa et al., 1982). The involvement of plectin in the interaction ...
... method was employed to visualize the fine details of neurofilaments being crossbridged to microtubules (Hirokawa, 1982) as well as those of keratin IFs and microfilaments in the terminal web from mouse intestinal epithelial cells (Hirokawa et al., 1982). The involvement of plectin in the interaction ...
Intercellular adhesion and cell separation in plants
... lamella glues two cells together is misleading in more than one respect. We use glue to stick together surfaces that were initially apart, but two plant cells joined along the middle lamella have never been apart. Furthermore, as explained above, the stresses that tend to separate cells are not dist ...
... lamella glues two cells together is misleading in more than one respect. We use glue to stick together surfaces that were initially apart, but two plant cells joined along the middle lamella have never been apart. Furthermore, as explained above, the stresses that tend to separate cells are not dist ...
Membrane Structure and Function Chapter 7 Biology
... • Later studies found problems with this model, particularly the placement of membrane proteins, which have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions • In 1972, J. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions expo ...
... • Later studies found problems with this model, particularly the placement of membrane proteins, which have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions • In 1972, J. Singer and G. Nicolson proposed that the membrane is a mosaic of proteins dispersed within the bilayer, with only the hydrophilic regions expo ...
Rho signaling pathway and apical constriction in the - ICB-USP
... invaginating event. After the ingression of the whole placode toward the underlying optic cup, the edges fuse and detach from the surface ectoderm, forming the lens vesicle (Schook, 1980b). A variety of mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the initial inward buckling of the placode, such ...
... invaginating event. After the ingression of the whole placode toward the underlying optic cup, the edges fuse and detach from the surface ectoderm, forming the lens vesicle (Schook, 1980b). A variety of mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to the initial inward buckling of the placode, such ...
Specialized filopodia direct long-range transport of SHH
... via long filopodial extensions. Imaging of SHHP–eGFP also reveals that cholesterol-modified SHH is similarly produced as a particle associated with filopodial extensions, and also displays more uniform localization along these extensions (Fig. 3b and Supplementary Fig. 8c). Importantly, such particl ...
... via long filopodial extensions. Imaging of SHHP–eGFP also reveals that cholesterol-modified SHH is similarly produced as a particle associated with filopodial extensions, and also displays more uniform localization along these extensions (Fig. 3b and Supplementary Fig. 8c). Importantly, such particl ...
Measurements of Single Molecules in Solution and Live Cells
... produced the first paper on the detection of individual molecules passing through the probe region one by one in a hydrodynamic flow with one dye molecule per second [1]. Since the publication of this paper, the area of singlemolecule detection has grown tremendously with emphasis not just on observ ...
... produced the first paper on the detection of individual molecules passing through the probe region one by one in a hydrodynamic flow with one dye molecule per second [1]. Since the publication of this paper, the area of singlemolecule detection has grown tremendously with emphasis not just on observ ...
Protist Characteristics
... • pseudopod: Temporary, foot-like extension of the cytoplasm that some cells use for movement or feeding. • spore: A reproductive cell produced by various organisms; can withstand harsh environmental conditions. • symbiosis: Close relationship between organisms of different species in which at least ...
... • pseudopod: Temporary, foot-like extension of the cytoplasm that some cells use for movement or feeding. • spore: A reproductive cell produced by various organisms; can withstand harsh environmental conditions. • symbiosis: Close relationship between organisms of different species in which at least ...
SNX9 – a prelude to vesicle release - Journal of Cell Science
... amphipathic helix when contacting the membrane. Partial membrane insertion by this helix might be needed to displace membrane lipids for the generation of highly curved membrane. In Fig. 2, we have extended the yoke domain to include the sequence of the proposed amphipathic helix, as it clearly belo ...
... amphipathic helix when contacting the membrane. Partial membrane insertion by this helix might be needed to displace membrane lipids for the generation of highly curved membrane. In Fig. 2, we have extended the yoke domain to include the sequence of the proposed amphipathic helix, as it clearly belo ...
The Ultrastructure of Megakaryocytes and Blood
... (Thikry, 60, and Han, ’61). Structural characteristics of the mitochondria have a bearing on the biochemical properties of platelets. As compared with the mitochondria of most other cells, those in platelets are small, few in number, and possess few cristae. The magnitude of these characteristics ap ...
... (Thikry, 60, and Han, ’61). Structural characteristics of the mitochondria have a bearing on the biochemical properties of platelets. As compared with the mitochondria of most other cells, those in platelets are small, few in number, and possess few cristae. The magnitude of these characteristics ap ...
Differential expression of soluble - Tubitak Journals
... thermodynamically irreversible (Jelitto et al., 1992; Rea and Poole, 1993; Maeshima et al., 1994; du Jardin et al., 1995; Maeshima, 2000; Ferjani et al., 2011). The importance of high cytosolic PPi concentration and low cytosolic sPPase activity was proven by overexpression of Escherichia coli sPPas ...
... thermodynamically irreversible (Jelitto et al., 1992; Rea and Poole, 1993; Maeshima et al., 1994; du Jardin et al., 1995; Maeshima, 2000; Ferjani et al., 2011). The importance of high cytosolic PPi concentration and low cytosolic sPPase activity was proven by overexpression of Escherichia coli sPPas ...
Cell Structure and Function
... 1. Active Transport: Requires ATP (energy) 2. Passive Transport: Doesn’t require ATP (energy) • Concentration Gradient: the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another – Molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration – If high conc ...
... 1. Active Transport: Requires ATP (energy) 2. Passive Transport: Doesn’t require ATP (energy) • Concentration Gradient: the difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another – Molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration – If high conc ...
Vacuolar Sorting Receptor-Mediated Trafficking of Soluble Vacuolar
... subsequently transported to the vacuole via multiple routes depending on the individual proteins. Of these multiple routes, the most prominent employs multiple intermediate organelles, i.e., the Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network (TGN), and prevacuolar compartment (PVC) [3–9]. In this route, the p ...
... subsequently transported to the vacuole via multiple routes depending on the individual proteins. Of these multiple routes, the most prominent employs multiple intermediate organelles, i.e., the Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network (TGN), and prevacuolar compartment (PVC) [3–9]. In this route, the p ...
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE THETA CELL OF THE MOUSE
... Theta cells show dense aggregations of the endoplasmic reticulum at the cell periphery corresponding with the basophilic region observed by light microscopy (Fig. 1). In this area, membranebounded cavities of the endoplasmic reticulum are very flattened and extend to distant areas. The contents of t ...
... Theta cells show dense aggregations of the endoplasmic reticulum at the cell periphery corresponding with the basophilic region observed by light microscopy (Fig. 1). In this area, membranebounded cavities of the endoplasmic reticulum are very flattened and extend to distant areas. The contents of t ...
Helical growth in plant organs: mechanisms and
... β-tubulin subunits. These are arranged in a head-to-tail pattern within longitudinal protofilaments, thirteen of which are arranged side by side in each single microtubule (Nogales, 2015). Microtubules are self-organising and dynamic. They exhibit growth at the plus end through net subunit addition ...
... β-tubulin subunits. These are arranged in a head-to-tail pattern within longitudinal protofilaments, thirteen of which are arranged side by side in each single microtubule (Nogales, 2015). Microtubules are self-organising and dynamic. They exhibit growth at the plus end through net subunit addition ...
MUSCLE CONTRACTION
... Myofibrils are rod like elements within the myofibre which consist of smaller units called sarcomeres. Alternating light and dark bands repeat along the length of the myofibril. The dark bands are called A bands because they are anisotropic (i.e. they can polarise light) and the light bands are call ...
... Myofibrils are rod like elements within the myofibre which consist of smaller units called sarcomeres. Alternating light and dark bands repeat along the length of the myofibril. The dark bands are called A bands because they are anisotropic (i.e. they can polarise light) and the light bands are call ...
Myosin X is a downstream effector of PI(3)K during phagocytosis articles
... Myo10 containing the tail of Myo10 (Myo10 tail) in a sub-line of RAW 264.7 cells resulted in a 79% ± 2% reduction of EIgG (antibody-coated erythrocytes) phagocytosis, compared to nonexpressing control cells (p < 0.001). We determined which domains of Myo10 were responsible for the inhibition of phag ...
... Myo10 containing the tail of Myo10 (Myo10 tail) in a sub-line of RAW 264.7 cells resulted in a 79% ± 2% reduction of EIgG (antibody-coated erythrocytes) phagocytosis, compared to nonexpressing control cells (p < 0.001). We determined which domains of Myo10 were responsible for the inhibition of phag ...
Replacement of threonine residues by serine and alanine in a
... threonine as a target site. We conclude that the site specificity of phosphorylation is either determined by the sequence context or by restrictions due to the conformation of the region into which the phosphorylatable residues are embedded. By systematically mutating putative phosphorylation sites ...
... threonine as a target site. We conclude that the site specificity of phosphorylation is either determined by the sequence context or by restrictions due to the conformation of the region into which the phosphorylatable residues are embedded. By systematically mutating putative phosphorylation sites ...
Tensile Properties of Arabidopsis Cell Walls Depend on Both a
... properties can be measured, populations of hypocotyls were grown in the presence of DCB to inhibit the synthesis of cellulose, the major load-bearing polymer in the wall. Radiolabeled Glc incorporation into acetic-nitric acid-insoluble material (Updegraff, 1969) by 4-d-old dark-grown hypocotyls in a ...
... properties can be measured, populations of hypocotyls were grown in the presence of DCB to inhibit the synthesis of cellulose, the major load-bearing polymer in the wall. Radiolabeled Glc incorporation into acetic-nitric acid-insoluble material (Updegraff, 1969) by 4-d-old dark-grown hypocotyls in a ...
Transport Between the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus
... much larger than the plant Golgi. It has been reported that in various plant cellular systems the Golgi apparatus is present as multiple stacks that are distributed throughout the cytosol and are capable of rapid movement ...
... much larger than the plant Golgi. It has been reported that in various plant cellular systems the Golgi apparatus is present as multiple stacks that are distributed throughout the cytosol and are capable of rapid movement ...
The roles of microtubules in tropisms
... investigated in any further detail [1]. Gravitropism and phototropism have received the most attention, although some studies addressing hydrotropism and thigmotropism have been published in recent years [2–10]. Tropisms can be either positive or negative depending on whether growth occurs towards o ...
... investigated in any further detail [1]. Gravitropism and phototropism have received the most attention, although some studies addressing hydrotropism and thigmotropism have been published in recent years [2–10]. Tropisms can be either positive or negative depending on whether growth occurs towards o ...
Vps41 Phosphorylation and the Rab Ypt7 Control the Targeting of
... cargo protein Cps1 that is sorted to the vacuole via endosomes (Figure 1C). Identification of the Yck3 Phosphorylation Site One fundamental problem of our EM analysis is the correlation of the altered endosomal morphology to the function of Vps41 because Yck3 has several other targets within the cel ...
... cargo protein Cps1 that is sorted to the vacuole via endosomes (Figure 1C). Identification of the Yck3 Phosphorylation Site One fundamental problem of our EM analysis is the correlation of the altered endosomal morphology to the function of Vps41 because Yck3 has several other targets within the cel ...
Plant Molecular Biology
... 1 and 2B). A very low percentage (less than 2%) of structure-less ghosts and cellular debris that are typical for necrotic cell death were also observed after 24 h DEX treatment (data not shown). However, even after 36 or 48 h treatment, the majority of cells belonged to categories x, y and z (Figur ...
... 1 and 2B). A very low percentage (less than 2%) of structure-less ghosts and cellular debris that are typical for necrotic cell death were also observed after 24 h DEX treatment (data not shown). However, even after 36 or 48 h treatment, the majority of cells belonged to categories x, y and z (Figur ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑