Gravity sensing, a largely misunderstood trigger of plant orientated
... gravitropism. The time course of gravitropic curvature investigated in hypocotyl, stem, as well as in the trunk and branches illustrate the following steps in several species: the upward curving of the organs is observed after a latency phase and progressively followed by a “decurving” which starts ...
... gravitropism. The time course of gravitropic curvature investigated in hypocotyl, stem, as well as in the trunk and branches illustrate the following steps in several species: the upward curving of the organs is observed after a latency phase and progressively followed by a “decurving” which starts ...
Plasma Membrane Ghosts Form Differently When Produced from
... Type III ghosts were rare, often being absent from samples. Their cortical actin was dense and irregular (Fig. 5A), but like type II ghosts, they lacked microtubules although neighbouring type I ghosts retained normal microtubules (Fig. 5B). Because of their rarity, however, type III ghosts were not ...
... Type III ghosts were rare, often being absent from samples. Their cortical actin was dense and irregular (Fig. 5A), but like type II ghosts, they lacked microtubules although neighbouring type I ghosts retained normal microtubules (Fig. 5B). Because of their rarity, however, type III ghosts were not ...
The Arabidopsis sku6-spiral1 gene encodes a plus end
... distal and main elongation zones. Gravity sensing occurs predominantly in collumella cells within the cap (Boonsirichai et al., 2002). The site of touch sensing is not clear, although it likely occurs in more than one location within the tip, including cells within the root cap (Evans, 2003; Massa a ...
... distal and main elongation zones. Gravity sensing occurs predominantly in collumella cells within the cap (Boonsirichai et al., 2002). The site of touch sensing is not clear, although it likely occurs in more than one location within the tip, including cells within the root cap (Evans, 2003; Massa a ...
Thuy`s Rho family GTPases review
... chemotactic gradient, Allen showed that inhibition of Cdc42 made macrophages revert to a random walk. Inhibition of Rac blocked all cell movement. • In the scratch assays, inhibition of Cdc42 leads to misdirected protrusive activity and a random orientation of microtubule organizing centre. Mannevil ...
... chemotactic gradient, Allen showed that inhibition of Cdc42 made macrophages revert to a random walk. Inhibition of Rac blocked all cell movement. • In the scratch assays, inhibition of Cdc42 leads to misdirected protrusive activity and a random orientation of microtubule organizing centre. Mannevil ...
Intracellular Redox Compartmentation and ROS
... partitioning of metabolism and other biological functions (Sweetlove and Fernie, 2013). Among other things, compartmentation allows differences in metabolite concentrations, because organelles are surrounded by one or more membranes that act as a barrier to passive diffusion. However, membranes can ...
... partitioning of metabolism and other biological functions (Sweetlove and Fernie, 2013). Among other things, compartmentation allows differences in metabolite concentrations, because organelles are surrounded by one or more membranes that act as a barrier to passive diffusion. However, membranes can ...
Reactive oxygen species promote chloroplast dysfunction and
... death [4,8]. Our early studies showed that protoplasts exhibited an increase of ROS levels in a light-dependent manner after UV-C irradiation [9]. Recently, some studies demonstrated that various stimuli, such as aluminum toxicity, methyl jasmonate treatment and pathogen attack, can cause chloroplas ...
... death [4,8]. Our early studies showed that protoplasts exhibited an increase of ROS levels in a light-dependent manner after UV-C irradiation [9]. Recently, some studies demonstrated that various stimuli, such as aluminum toxicity, methyl jasmonate treatment and pathogen attack, can cause chloroplas ...
Macromolecular biophysics of the plant cell wall: Concepts and
... extended to xylans and other components of wood cell walls, largely by Marchessault and co-workers in relation to paper manufacture [36, 37]. It was not applied to primary cell walls until about 1970, when Morikawa and co-workers [39] showed that pectins as well as cellulose were clearly identifiabl ...
... extended to xylans and other components of wood cell walls, largely by Marchessault and co-workers in relation to paper manufacture [36, 37]. It was not applied to primary cell walls until about 1970, when Morikawa and co-workers [39] showed that pectins as well as cellulose were clearly identifiabl ...
programmed cell death in plant
... As alluded to above, resistance to pathogens that is conditioned by a genefor-gene interaction is an active process. Attempts to understand the basis of resistance in many different plant-pathogen systems have revealed that many potential defense functions are induced during a resistance response. T ...
... As alluded to above, resistance to pathogens that is conditioned by a genefor-gene interaction is an active process. Attempts to understand the basis of resistance in many different plant-pathogen systems have revealed that many potential defense functions are induced during a resistance response. T ...
Myosin V Plays an Essential Role in the Thyroid Hormone
... in the absence and presence of T4. No differences in total actin content were observed, and ⬎90% of the immunoreactive actin was found in the Triton-insoluble pellet in both thyroid hormone-deficient and T4-treated cells as determined by densitometry (data not shown). In control experiments, no spec ...
... in the absence and presence of T4. No differences in total actin content were observed, and ⬎90% of the immunoreactive actin was found in the Triton-insoluble pellet in both thyroid hormone-deficient and T4-treated cells as determined by densitometry (data not shown). In control experiments, no spec ...
Asymmetries in Cell Division, Cell Size, and Furrowing in the
... reasons. Indeed, misregulation of asymmetric cell divisions is believed to have dramatic consequences potentially leading to pathogenesis such as cancers. In diverse model organisms, asymmetric cell divisions result in two daughter cells, which differ not only by their fate but also in size. This is ...
... reasons. Indeed, misregulation of asymmetric cell divisions is believed to have dramatic consequences potentially leading to pathogenesis such as cancers. In diverse model organisms, asymmetric cell divisions result in two daughter cells, which differ not only by their fate but also in size. This is ...
Organelle motility in the pollen tube: a tale of 20 years
... actin fringe), organelles reverse their direction of movement and turn back along the central actin cables. Golgi-derived secretory vesicles accumulate in the tip domain by moving along peripheral actin cables; vesicles are probably finally delivered to the tip region by the actin fringe while recyc ...
... actin fringe), organelles reverse their direction of movement and turn back along the central actin cables. Golgi-derived secretory vesicles accumulate in the tip domain by moving along peripheral actin cables; vesicles are probably finally delivered to the tip region by the actin fringe while recyc ...
Translocation and Clustering of Endosomes and
... Movement of fluorescently labeled organelles was visualized in vivo by VEFM. The following combinations of filter sets were used for fluorescence microscopy: the N2.1 filter set for rhodamine (BP 515-560, RKP 580, LP 580) and the L2 filter set for fluorescein ~ P 450-500, RKP 510, BP 515560). To avo ...
... Movement of fluorescently labeled organelles was visualized in vivo by VEFM. The following combinations of filter sets were used for fluorescence microscopy: the N2.1 filter set for rhodamine (BP 515-560, RKP 580, LP 580) and the L2 filter set for fluorescein ~ P 450-500, RKP 510, BP 515560). To avo ...
Vacuolar protein sorting mechanisms in plants
... Vesicle formation is not a default, passive event, but instead, requires a specific driving force to carry out a series of highly-regulated events including recognition and binding between the receptor at the donor membrane and an activated GTP-ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) complexed with the secret ...
... Vesicle formation is not a default, passive event, but instead, requires a specific driving force to carry out a series of highly-regulated events including recognition and binding between the receptor at the donor membrane and an activated GTP-ADP ribosylation factor (Arf) complexed with the secret ...
Podosome-type adhesions and focal adhesions, so alike yet so
... replaced by external forces application. Conversely, reduction of contractile forces is a prerequisite for remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton including focal adhesion disassembly (Riveline et al., 2001). Tension will activate the tyrosine phosphatase RPTPα that in turn will activate SFK allowing i ...
... replaced by external forces application. Conversely, reduction of contractile forces is a prerequisite for remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton including focal adhesion disassembly (Riveline et al., 2001). Tension will activate the tyrosine phosphatase RPTPα that in turn will activate SFK allowing i ...
Transport Processes of Solutes across the Vacuolar Membrane of
... Amino acids—In contrast to fungi, our knowledge about amino acid transport across the tonoplast of higher plants is limited. The most prominent amino acid transport system, observed first in barley (Dietz et al. 1990, Martinoia et al. 1991, Görlach and Willms-Hoff 1992) and subsequently in other pla ...
... Amino acids—In contrast to fungi, our knowledge about amino acid transport across the tonoplast of higher plants is limited. The most prominent amino acid transport system, observed first in barley (Dietz et al. 1990, Martinoia et al. 1991, Görlach and Willms-Hoff 1992) and subsequently in other pla ...
ANISOTROPIC EXPANSION OF THE PLANT CELL WALL
... driving morphogenesis with cell migration or motility, processes used routinely by animals to build organs. The cell wall also seems to preclude plants from using programmed cell death in morphogenesis, as used, for example, to shape the human hand, because when a plant cell dies, programmatically o ...
... driving morphogenesis with cell migration or motility, processes used routinely by animals to build organs. The cell wall also seems to preclude plants from using programmed cell death in morphogenesis, as used, for example, to shape the human hand, because when a plant cell dies, programmatically o ...
Vacuolar Function in the Phosphate Homeostasis of the Yeast
... NMR, we examined the changes of intracellular phosphorous metabolites both in the cytosol and the vacuole under the phosphate starvation. Wild-type (YW5-1B) cells were grown to exponential phase in SD medium, and transferred to SD(—P^ medium, then the amounts of intracellular phosphorous compounds w ...
... NMR, we examined the changes of intracellular phosphorous metabolites both in the cytosol and the vacuole under the phosphate starvation. Wild-type (YW5-1B) cells were grown to exponential phase in SD medium, and transferred to SD(—P^ medium, then the amounts of intracellular phosphorous compounds w ...
Dynamical patterning modules in plant development and evolution
... Another distinguishing feature is that plant growth and development are profoundly influenced by environmental cues and factors, such as changes in light, nutrient and water availability, temperature, ecological interactions, etc. The result is a high degree of developmental plasticity which can pro ...
... Another distinguishing feature is that plant growth and development are profoundly influenced by environmental cues and factors, such as changes in light, nutrient and water availability, temperature, ecological interactions, etc. The result is a high degree of developmental plasticity which can pro ...
Sorting of proteins to vacuoles in plant cells
... central vacuole that subdivided as deposits of storage protein accumulated [17, 115]. It is now clear, however, that vacuoles with proteases active at low pH (so-called lytic or vegetative vacuoles) and protein storage vacuoles are structurally and functionally distinct organelles [44, 86]. On one h ...
... central vacuole that subdivided as deposits of storage protein accumulated [17, 115]. It is now clear, however, that vacuoles with proteases active at low pH (so-called lytic or vegetative vacuoles) and protein storage vacuoles are structurally and functionally distinct organelles [44, 86]. On one h ...
A Flow Cytometry Approach to Detect In vivo Chromatin Compaction
... Evaluation of chromatin condensation is an important and stimulating topic. Cells, based on their conditions, can be divided into living or dead cells. For a long time chromosome banding pattern had been used to analyze the chromatin condensation [4]. This method depends much on chromosome separatio ...
... Evaluation of chromatin condensation is an important and stimulating topic. Cells, based on their conditions, can be divided into living or dead cells. For a long time chromosome banding pattern had been used to analyze the chromatin condensation [4]. This method depends much on chromosome separatio ...
Vacuolar transporters and their essential role in plant metabolism
... will be removed first by small vacuoles that have a higher surface-to-volume ratio. The difference in surface-tovolume ratio does not change the final theoretical accumulation rate, but it allows a fast and efficient removal of potentially disruptive metabolic compounds from the cytosol. However, si ...
... will be removed first by small vacuoles that have a higher surface-to-volume ratio. The difference in surface-tovolume ratio does not change the final theoretical accumulation rate, but it allows a fast and efficient removal of potentially disruptive metabolic compounds from the cytosol. However, si ...
Intrusive growth of flax phloem fibers is of intercalary type
... leaf (primordia) per region and an average growth rate of 5.5 mm per day, it can be deduced that the first 1-mm zone takes about 20 h to be formed, the first 2 mm about 28 h and the first 11 mm 2 days. The distance between leaves increases about 20-fold in the top region. In longitudinal sections of ...
... leaf (primordia) per region and an average growth rate of 5.5 mm per day, it can be deduced that the first 1-mm zone takes about 20 h to be formed, the first 2 mm about 28 h and the first 11 mm 2 days. The distance between leaves increases about 20-fold in the top region. In longitudinal sections of ...
Centrosome Biology: A SAS-sy Centriole in the Cell Cycle Dispatch
... The picture of the centrosome drawn above is one of a discrete structure, the centriole, to which is bound an anastomosing network of other proteins and complexes. All centrosome components examined to date are present in excess in the cytoplasm, as well as at the centrosome. How then does the centr ...
... The picture of the centrosome drawn above is one of a discrete structure, the centriole, to which is bound an anastomosing network of other proteins and complexes. All centrosome components examined to date are present in excess in the cytoplasm, as well as at the centrosome. How then does the centr ...
Cellular studies of neuromuscular disorders related to the
... Satellite cells or muscle stem cells derive from the central area of dermomyotome located at the dorsal section of the somites of the paraxial mesoderm [1] . The cells have increased size of nuclear with little cytoplasmic organelle content [2] localized between the basal lamina and sarcolemma of mu ...
... Satellite cells or muscle stem cells derive from the central area of dermomyotome located at the dorsal section of the somites of the paraxial mesoderm [1] . The cells have increased size of nuclear with little cytoplasmic organelle content [2] localized between the basal lamina and sarcolemma of mu ...
Protein dynamics and proteolysis in plant vacuoles
... reserves. An extensive proteome analysis of PSV has not yet been conducted but, using immunohistochemistry, many proteins have been found to be localized there. Besides large amounts of polymorphic storage proteins (Staswick, 1994; Müntz, 1998; Shewry and Casey, 1999) PSV often contain proteases (M ...
... reserves. An extensive proteome analysis of PSV has not yet been conducted but, using immunohistochemistry, many proteins have been found to be localized there. Besides large amounts of polymorphic storage proteins (Staswick, 1994; Müntz, 1998; Shewry and Casey, 1999) PSV often contain proteases (M ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑