Full Text - Plant and Cell Physiology
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Text - Enlighten - University of Glasgow
... for each contributing transporter, metabolic and buffering reaction, and generally is possible only through integrative modeling to explore the dynamics of these processes within a single ensemble that represents the cell. In principle, constructing cellular models is not difficult. For many eukaryot ...
... for each contributing transporter, metabolic and buffering reaction, and generally is possible only through integrative modeling to explore the dynamics of these processes within a single ensemble that represents the cell. In principle, constructing cellular models is not difficult. For many eukaryot ...
Arabidopsis Formin3 Directs the Formation of Actin
... Cytoplasmic actin cables are the most prominent actin structures in plant cells, but the molecular mechanism underlying their formation is unknown. The function of these actin cables, which are proposed to modulate cytoplasmic streaming and intracellular movement of many organelles in plants, has no ...
... Cytoplasmic actin cables are the most prominent actin structures in plant cells, but the molecular mechanism underlying their formation is unknown. The function of these actin cables, which are proposed to modulate cytoplasmic streaming and intracellular movement of many organelles in plants, has no ...
Biosynthesis and properties of the plant cell wall Wolf
... specifically. It has no effect on the elongation of pollen tubes [40], the only other plant cells to elongate by a tip-growth mechanism. Favery et al. [39•] found that a CSLD3::green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco epidermal cells. However, ...
... specifically. It has no effect on the elongation of pollen tubes [40], the only other plant cells to elongate by a tip-growth mechanism. Favery et al. [39•] found that a CSLD3::green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion protein localized to the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco epidermal cells. However, ...
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... the course of cell wall regeneration, protoplasts cultured for 24 h in PRML were labeled with antibodies or CBMs for fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence quantification by flow cytometry. Four different stages of protoplast regeneration were observed by fluorescence microscopy in the fixed and p ...
... the course of cell wall regeneration, protoplasts cultured for 24 h in PRML were labeled with antibodies or CBMs for fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence quantification by flow cytometry. Four different stages of protoplast regeneration were observed by fluorescence microscopy in the fixed and p ...
Cell Wall Amine Oxidases: New Players in Root Xylem
... (Spm). Additionally, thermospermine (T-Spm), an isomer of Spm, which has not as yet been detected in mammalian cells, has been found to be widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom [14,15]. Put and Spd are essential for life, as Arabidopsis mutants defective in their biosynthetic pathways are ...
... (Spm). Additionally, thermospermine (T-Spm), an isomer of Spm, which has not as yet been detected in mammalian cells, has been found to be widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom [14,15]. Put and Spd are essential for life, as Arabidopsis mutants defective in their biosynthetic pathways are ...
Grape Berry Vacuole - American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
... In addition to their role in sugar storage, vacuoles are also involved in the biosynthesis of higher saccharides from monoor disaccharides. Vacuoles are also likely the site for glycosylation and production of various metabolites (De 2000). Water incorporation in grape berry and the role of aquapori ...
... In addition to their role in sugar storage, vacuoles are also involved in the biosynthesis of higher saccharides from monoor disaccharides. Vacuoles are also likely the site for glycosylation and production of various metabolites (De 2000). Water incorporation in grape berry and the role of aquapori ...
Midbodies and phragmoplasts: analogous structures
... Figure 2. Models for assembly of the midbody and phragmoplast. (a) Model depicting midbody organization. Overlapping microtubule plus-ends are embedded within the midbody matrix. The midbody microtubules are stabilized and crosslinked by several kinesins, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), kina ...
... Figure 2. Models for assembly of the midbody and phragmoplast. (a) Model depicting midbody organization. Overlapping microtubule plus-ends are embedded within the midbody matrix. The midbody microtubules are stabilized and crosslinked by several kinesins, microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), kina ...
Plant microtubule organization
... 1999), is likely to have led to actomyosin becoming the dominant motile system in plant cells. Actin cables provide tracks for movement of myosin-coated vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles, which in animal cells are largely moved about by microtubule-dependent motors (Boevink et al. ...
... 1999), is likely to have led to actomyosin becoming the dominant motile system in plant cells. Actin cables provide tracks for movement of myosin-coated vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles, which in animal cells are largely moved about by microtubule-dependent motors (Boevink et al. ...
Two-dimensional numerical study of flow
... blood vessel) and are subject to a flow at the same time, cell tethers (i.e., long thin membrane cylinders extruded from adhered cells) may form due to the cooperation of hydrodynamic forces and adhesion forces. This phenomenon has been observed in in vitro experiments for different blood components. ...
... blood vessel) and are subject to a flow at the same time, cell tethers (i.e., long thin membrane cylinders extruded from adhered cells) may form due to the cooperation of hydrodynamic forces and adhesion forces. This phenomenon has been observed in in vitro experiments for different blood components. ...
From filaments to function: The role of the plant actin cytoskeleton in
... with ADF2 of soybean (Lu et al. 2015). This study further supports previous work that demonstrated movement of P3 in the early secretory pathways in an actin-dependent manner, while presenting a direct interaction of P3 with ADF2 of soybean and suggests a component of that actin cytoskeleton, ADF2, ...
... with ADF2 of soybean (Lu et al. 2015). This study further supports previous work that demonstrated movement of P3 in the early secretory pathways in an actin-dependent manner, while presenting a direct interaction of P3 with ADF2 of soybean and suggests a component of that actin cytoskeleton, ADF2, ...
Influence of Deformability of Human Red Cells upon Blood Viscosity
... and direct microscopic observation of red cells under flow in a transparent cone plate viscometer. Deformability of red cells was altered osmotically or abolished by aldehyde fixation. The normal red cells under isosmotic conditions passed easily through filter pores (5 to 14 JJL diameter). After os ...
... and direct microscopic observation of red cells under flow in a transparent cone plate viscometer. Deformability of red cells was altered osmotically or abolished by aldehyde fixation. The normal red cells under isosmotic conditions passed easily through filter pores (5 to 14 JJL diameter). After os ...
Nuclear Synthesis of Cytoplasmic Ribonucleic Acid
... with A. proteus. Plaut and Rustad (10) also found considerable variability within their experiment; the activity incorporated by enucleated cells varied from none to a level equivalent to that found in the least active nucleated cells. This variability could conceivably be related to various states ...
... with A. proteus. Plaut and Rustad (10) also found considerable variability within their experiment; the activity incorporated by enucleated cells varied from none to a level equivalent to that found in the least active nucleated cells. This variability could conceivably be related to various states ...
Pausing of Golgi Bodies on Microtubules Regulates
... and 1O). VHA-a1 compartments rapidly associated and dissociated with Golgi bodies (Figures 1L to 1O; see Supplemental Movie 2 online). Most often a single VHA-a1 compartment was found centered beneath a Golgi stack (Figure 1L). The occasional presence of GFP-CESA3 in the TGN was further confirmed in ...
... and 1O). VHA-a1 compartments rapidly associated and dissociated with Golgi bodies (Figures 1L to 1O; see Supplemental Movie 2 online). Most often a single VHA-a1 compartment was found centered beneath a Golgi stack (Figure 1L). The occasional presence of GFP-CESA3 in the TGN was further confirmed in ...
Epithelial differentiation and intercellular junction
... detectable is compaction in the 8-cell embryo. Each blastomere becomes adhesive and polarises along an apicobasal axis (apical on outer embryo surface). Polarisation embraces an extensive reorganisation of cytocortical and cytoplasmic domains of the cell. For example, in the cytoplasm, the distribut ...
... detectable is compaction in the 8-cell embryo. Each blastomere becomes adhesive and polarises along an apicobasal axis (apical on outer embryo surface). Polarisation embraces an extensive reorganisation of cytocortical and cytoplasmic domains of the cell. For example, in the cytoplasm, the distribut ...
Hydrothermal waves in a disk of fluid
... the system is on the thermodynamic branch, and we expect an instability into propagating waves. Giving a physical mechanism for propagating waves is a more tedious exercise than it is for stationary patterns. In the case of thermocapillary flows, the time-oscillatory nature of the instability comes ...
... the system is on the thermodynamic branch, and we expect an instability into propagating waves. Giving a physical mechanism for propagating waves is a more tedious exercise than it is for stationary patterns. In the case of thermocapillary flows, the time-oscillatory nature of the instability comes ...
Ectopic expression of beta-cytoplasmic actin
... family of related proteins characterized by about 10 amino acids which appear to distinguish them from the vertebrate cytoplasmic actins (Mounier et al., 1992; see also Fig. 8). These residues may be critical in tailoring actin to perform its isoformspecific function in a muscle environment. Here we ...
... family of related proteins characterized by about 10 amino acids which appear to distinguish them from the vertebrate cytoplasmic actins (Mounier et al., 1992; see also Fig. 8). These residues may be critical in tailoring actin to perform its isoformspecific function in a muscle environment. Here we ...
Pausing of Golgi Bodies on Microtubules Regulates
... and 1O). VHA-a1 compartments rapidly associated and dissociated with Golgi bodies (Figures 1L to 1O; see Supplemental Movie 2 online). Most often a single VHA-a1 compartment was found centered beneath a Golgi stack (Figure 1L). The occasional presence of GFP-CESA3 in the TGN was further confirmed in ...
... and 1O). VHA-a1 compartments rapidly associated and dissociated with Golgi bodies (Figures 1L to 1O; see Supplemental Movie 2 online). Most often a single VHA-a1 compartment was found centered beneath a Golgi stack (Figure 1L). The occasional presence of GFP-CESA3 in the TGN was further confirmed in ...
Lysosomal biogenesis and function is critical for necrotic cell death
... enhancing the activity of the low pH–dependent proteases that dismantle the cell (Syntichaki et al., 2005). To emulate impaired lysosomal acidification in degenerating neurons, we treated animals expressing a neurotoxic gain-of-function (gf ) mec-4(d) allele encoding a hyperactive ion channel subuni ...
... enhancing the activity of the low pH–dependent proteases that dismantle the cell (Syntichaki et al., 2005). To emulate impaired lysosomal acidification in degenerating neurons, we treated animals expressing a neurotoxic gain-of-function (gf ) mec-4(d) allele encoding a hyperactive ion channel subuni ...
Protoplast Culture: definition
... ingesting "foreign" material into the cytoplasm. This material includes the introduction of nuclei, chloroplasts, mitochondria, DNA, plasmids, bacteria and viruses. ...
... ingesting "foreign" material into the cytoplasm. This material includes the introduction of nuclei, chloroplasts, mitochondria, DNA, plasmids, bacteria and viruses. ...
Size evolution in microorganisms masks trade-offs
... slow-growing ones. In particular, they should be less competitive in constant environments where phosphorus is the limiting nutrient [11]. As a consequence, a negative relationship between growth rate and competitive ability for phosphorus is predicted by the GRH (figure 1). As nucleic acids are als ...
... slow-growing ones. In particular, they should be less competitive in constant environments where phosphorus is the limiting nutrient [11]. As a consequence, a negative relationship between growth rate and competitive ability for phosphorus is predicted by the GRH (figure 1). As nucleic acids are als ...
Control of convergent yolk syncytial layer nuclear movement in
... movements with surrounding cells and tissues, we have chosen to study the yolk syncytial layer (YSL) in the zebrafish gastrula. The YSL and its nuclei play crucial roles in embryo patterning and morphogenesis. Nodal/TGFβ signals emanating from the YSL are thought to be involved in specifying mesoder ...
... movements with surrounding cells and tissues, we have chosen to study the yolk syncytial layer (YSL) in the zebrafish gastrula. The YSL and its nuclei play crucial roles in embryo patterning and morphogenesis. Nodal/TGFβ signals emanating from the YSL are thought to be involved in specifying mesoder ...
Concepts of Biology
... The microscopes we use today are far more complex than those used in the 1600s by Antony van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch shopkeeper who had great skill in crafting lenses. Despite the limitations of his now-ancient lenses, van Leeuwenhoek observed the movements of protists (a type of single-celled organism ...
... The microscopes we use today are far more complex than those used in the 1600s by Antony van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch shopkeeper who had great skill in crafting lenses. Despite the limitations of his now-ancient lenses, van Leeuwenhoek observed the movements of protists (a type of single-celled organism ...
Chapter 4 The Cell Membrane, Cytoskeleton, and Cell
... place a tea bag in a cup of hot water. Compounds in the tea leaves dissolve gradually and diffuse throughout the cup. The tea is at first concentrated near the bag, but the brownish color eventually spreads to create a uniform brew. The natural tendency of a substance to move from where it is highly ...
... place a tea bag in a cup of hot water. Compounds in the tea leaves dissolve gradually and diffuse throughout the cup. The tea is at first concentrated near the bag, but the brownish color eventually spreads to create a uniform brew. The natural tendency of a substance to move from where it is highly ...
Control of convergent yolk syncytial layer nuclear movement in
... movements with surrounding cells and tissues, we have chosen to study the yolk syncytial layer (YSL) in the zebrafish gastrula. The YSL and its nuclei play crucial roles in embryo patterning and morphogenesis. Nodal/TGFβ signals emanating from the YSL are thought to be involved in specifying mesoder ...
... movements with surrounding cells and tissues, we have chosen to study the yolk syncytial layer (YSL) in the zebrafish gastrula. The YSL and its nuclei play crucial roles in embryo patterning and morphogenesis. Nodal/TGFβ signals emanating from the YSL are thought to be involved in specifying mesoder ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑