Nutation in Plants
... be right-handed or left-handed (Johnsson 1997). Circumnutation is therefore the consequence of helical growth (Brown 1993) and reversible volume variations occurring in the cells of the moving part of the stem (the bending zone below the apex; Caré et al. 1998). These variations seem to be caused by ...
... be right-handed or left-handed (Johnsson 1997). Circumnutation is therefore the consequence of helical growth (Brown 1993) and reversible volume variations occurring in the cells of the moving part of the stem (the bending zone below the apex; Caré et al. 1998). These variations seem to be caused by ...
Developing a `thick skin`: a paradoxical role for
... of a hydrophobic cuticle) and continuously thickened to provide protective and structural functions (Yeats and Rose, 2013). Interestingly, in both animals and plants an important role for these highly modified supra-cellular matrices in maintaining cell layer integrity has been uncovered. For exampl ...
... of a hydrophobic cuticle) and continuously thickened to provide protective and structural functions (Yeats and Rose, 2013). Interestingly, in both animals and plants an important role for these highly modified supra-cellular matrices in maintaining cell layer integrity has been uncovered. For exampl ...
Anatomy of Cells
... throughout the cell. This “fence” allows many lipid-soluble molecules to pass through easily—just like a picket fence allows air and water to pass through easily. However, because most of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic, cell membranes do not allow water or water-soluble molecules to pass th ...
... throughout the cell. This “fence” allows many lipid-soluble molecules to pass through easily—just like a picket fence allows air and water to pass through easily. However, because most of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic, cell membranes do not allow water or water-soluble molecules to pass th ...
Chlorophyll Breakdown Branches Out: Identification
... This article is a Plant Cell Advance Online Publication. The date of its first appearance online is the official date of publication. The article has been edited and the authors have corrected proofs, but minor changes could be made before the final version is published. Posting this version online ...
... This article is a Plant Cell Advance Online Publication. The date of its first appearance online is the official date of publication. The article has been edited and the authors have corrected proofs, but minor changes could be made before the final version is published. Posting this version online ...
ROS-talk – how the apoplast, the chloroplast, and the nucleus get
... apoplast and the cytosol, but also the chloroplasts are strategic battlefields during the defense against pathogens (Padmanabhan and Dinesh-Kumar, 2010). Chloroplast-generated ROS are not only involved in initiating and promoting cell death during the HR, but also in the up-regulation of defense-rela ...
... apoplast and the cytosol, but also the chloroplasts are strategic battlefields during the defense against pathogens (Padmanabhan and Dinesh-Kumar, 2010). Chloroplast-generated ROS are not only involved in initiating and promoting cell death during the HR, but also in the up-regulation of defense-rela ...
Identification, Purification, and Molecular Cloning of
... by us can be explained by the application of the doublelayer silicone–oil–filtration–centrifugation technique, which allows assay times of ⵑ1 sec or less. Short assay times are required for transport systems that attain equilibrium rapidly. The shortest assay times used by Schäfer et al. (1977) were ...
... by us can be explained by the application of the doublelayer silicone–oil–filtration–centrifugation technique, which allows assay times of ⵑ1 sec or less. Short assay times are required for transport systems that attain equilibrium rapidly. The shortest assay times used by Schäfer et al. (1977) were ...
PROTEINS IN NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC INTERACTIONS III
... The behavior of nuclear proteins in Amoeba proteus was studied by tritiated amino acid labeling, nuclear transplantation, and cytoplasmic amputation. During prophase at least 77 % (but probably over 95 %) of the nuclear proteins is released to the cytoplasm. These same proteins return to the nucleus ...
... The behavior of nuclear proteins in Amoeba proteus was studied by tritiated amino acid labeling, nuclear transplantation, and cytoplasmic amputation. During prophase at least 77 % (but probably over 95 %) of the nuclear proteins is released to the cytoplasm. These same proteins return to the nucleus ...
Chapter 3 PowerPoint
... with the foreign object and sends pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions) around it. ...
... with the foreign object and sends pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions) around it. ...
PROTEINS IN NUCLEOCYTOPLASMIC
... The behavior of nuclear proteins in Amoeba proteus was studied by tritiated amino acid labeling, nuclear transplantation, and cytoplasmic amputation. During prophase at least 77 % (but probably over 95 %) of the nuclear proteins is released to the cytoplasm. These same proteins return to the nucleus ...
... The behavior of nuclear proteins in Amoeba proteus was studied by tritiated amino acid labeling, nuclear transplantation, and cytoplasmic amputation. During prophase at least 77 % (but probably over 95 %) of the nuclear proteins is released to the cytoplasm. These same proteins return to the nucleus ...
Transverse Viscoelastic Extension in Nitella
... inhibited only 17% (4). In this study it was shown that in sequential FIG. 5. K+ stimulation of longitudinal (A) and transverse (B) extension treatments with acid pH and Mg2+, neither treatment abolished as a function of the in vivo growth rate. The applied force was equivalent the effect of the oth ...
... inhibited only 17% (4). In this study it was shown that in sequential FIG. 5. K+ stimulation of longitudinal (A) and transverse (B) extension treatments with acid pH and Mg2+, neither treatment abolished as a function of the in vivo growth rate. The applied force was equivalent the effect of the oth ...
The epithelial junction: bridge, gate, and fence.
... ceils of epitheiia is therefore relevant also to any symmetrical cell, where the pump and entry mechanism are not spatially separate. The mechanism of this feedback in epithelia remains unknown. One candidate is changes in intracellular Na+ concentration. If so, however, the mechanism is somehow the ...
... ceils of epitheiia is therefore relevant also to any symmetrical cell, where the pump and entry mechanism are not spatially separate. The mechanism of this feedback in epithelia remains unknown. One candidate is changes in intracellular Na+ concentration. If so, however, the mechanism is somehow the ...
Smooth
... Electron micrographs of smooth muscle reveal that the actin filaments are organized through attachment to the dense bodies that contain a-actinin, a Z-band protein in skeletal muscle. Thus, it is assumed that the dense bodies function as Z-lines. The ratio of thin to thick filaments is much higher ...
... Electron micrographs of smooth muscle reveal that the actin filaments are organized through attachment to the dense bodies that contain a-actinin, a Z-band protein in skeletal muscle. Thus, it is assumed that the dense bodies function as Z-lines. The ratio of thin to thick filaments is much higher ...
Paper 2
... GTP␥S, a non-hydrolysable form of GTP, strongly promoted vacuolar tubule formation in the tip cell and next four cells. The effects of GTP␥S could be antagonised by pre-treatment of hyphae with GDPS, a non-phosphorylatable form of GDP. These results support the idea that a GTP-binding protein plays ...
... GTP␥S, a non-hydrolysable form of GTP, strongly promoted vacuolar tubule formation in the tip cell and next four cells. The effects of GTP␥S could be antagonised by pre-treatment of hyphae with GDPS, a non-phosphorylatable form of GDP. These results support the idea that a GTP-binding protein plays ...
Nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution of Inh2
... processes, including the cell cycle, gene expression, cell adhesion and glycogen metabolism (Cohen, 1989; Shenolikar, 1994). To achieve this wide range of effects, PP1 exists as a series of holoenzymes, with its catalytic subunit, PP1C, bound to a regulatory subunit, of which there are dozens. Evide ...
... processes, including the cell cycle, gene expression, cell adhesion and glycogen metabolism (Cohen, 1989; Shenolikar, 1994). To achieve this wide range of effects, PP1 exists as a series of holoenzymes, with its catalytic subunit, PP1C, bound to a regulatory subunit, of which there are dozens. Evide ...
Chapter 7 Cell Structure and Function Section: 7-1 Life
... Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. Slide 47 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. Slide 47 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
Focusing on unpolymerized actin.
... ADF family of proteins have severing activity that may speed filament disassembly. Actobindin is particularly active as an inhibitor of spontaneous nucleation of actin assembly. The thymosins contribute the bulk of actin-buffering activity in the cytoplasm in many cells (Safer 1992; Yu et al., 1993; ...
... ADF family of proteins have severing activity that may speed filament disassembly. Actobindin is particularly active as an inhibitor of spontaneous nucleation of actin assembly. The thymosins contribute the bulk of actin-buffering activity in the cytoplasm in many cells (Safer 1992; Yu et al., 1993; ...
Plant Gravitropism. Unraveling the Ups and
... (Schimek et al., 1999). Therefore, Chara sp. are examples of organisms that could display more than one type of gravity-sensing systems, whereas certain species of Phycomyces depend on both sedimentation and buoyancy to trigger differential growth. The possibility that dual gravity sensors also may ...
... (Schimek et al., 1999). Therefore, Chara sp. are examples of organisms that could display more than one type of gravity-sensing systems, whereas certain species of Phycomyces depend on both sedimentation and buoyancy to trigger differential growth. The possibility that dual gravity sensors also may ...
Cell types
... Trichomes are very active cells. In stamen hairs of Tradescantia, it is easy to see this activity. The cellular components move around the cell in strands of cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is in strands that move around the vacuole near the outside of the cell along the cell wall. ...
... Trichomes are very active cells. In stamen hairs of Tradescantia, it is easy to see this activity. The cellular components move around the cell in strands of cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is in strands that move around the vacuole near the outside of the cell along the cell wall. ...
Capping protein: new insights into mechanism
... direct contact with the barbed end. In addition, it should be noted that many of the residues that constitute the hydrophilic surface of the a-subunit C terminus are highly conserved [19], and these residues might be also important for the direct interaction between the a subunit and actin. Because ...
... direct contact with the barbed end. In addition, it should be noted that many of the residues that constitute the hydrophilic surface of the a-subunit C terminus are highly conserved [19], and these residues might be also important for the direct interaction between the a subunit and actin. Because ...
Cadherins constitute a superfamily of transmembrane - HAL
... cadherin interaction. It provides an explanation for the force measurements of the interaction between opposing cadherin layers, which have previously been interpreted as resulting from three different interdigitating interactions [23]. It is in accord with observations of native junctions. The fact ...
... cadherin interaction. It provides an explanation for the force measurements of the interaction between opposing cadherin layers, which have previously been interpreted as resulting from three different interdigitating interactions [23]. It is in accord with observations of native junctions. The fact ...
Decontamination of the BD FACSAria System
... The BD FACSAria II and III flow cytometers were designed for easy cleaning and decontamination. When compared to the BD FACSAria™, the BD FACSAria II and III instruments have a simplified sheath path with a reduced number of components, decreasing the fluid volume and the surface area available for ...
... The BD FACSAria II and III flow cytometers were designed for easy cleaning and decontamination. When compared to the BD FACSAria™, the BD FACSAria II and III instruments have a simplified sheath path with a reduced number of components, decreasing the fluid volume and the surface area available for ...
Full text - 2nd International Conference of the
... were devoted to the anatomy and cytology of plants. During the Lemberg / Lwów period of his life he published 6 papers, and during his stay in Czernowitz — 8. In 1879, when he was only 31, Tangl made a discovery, thanks to which he entered the annals of history of botany. He observed intercellular s ...
... were devoted to the anatomy and cytology of plants. During the Lemberg / Lwów period of his life he published 6 papers, and during his stay in Czernowitz — 8. In 1879, when he was only 31, Tangl made a discovery, thanks to which he entered the annals of history of botany. He observed intercellular s ...
Accepted so July I979 - Journal of General Virology
... The d e v e l o p m e n t o f a p r o c e d u r e for the repeated e x a m i n a t i o n o f individual p r o t o p l a s t s has enabled us to delineate alternate a n d a p p a r e n t l y m u t u a l l y exclusive p a t h w a y s o f disease induction by T Y M V in the c h l o r o p l a s t s o f ...
... The d e v e l o p m e n t o f a p r o c e d u r e for the repeated e x a m i n a t i o n o f individual p r o t o p l a s t s has enabled us to delineate alternate a n d a p p a r e n t l y m u t u a l l y exclusive p a t h w a y s o f disease induction by T Y M V in the c h l o r o p l a s t s o f ...
The Molecular Organization of Endothelial Cell to
... Dejana, manuscript submitted for publication) or cadherin-5 (Suzuki et al., 1991; Lampugnani et al., 1992). VE-cadherin is a newly described member of the cadherin family that is selectively expressed by EC of all types of vessels both in culture and in situ (Lampugnani et al., 1992; Leach et al., 1 ...
... Dejana, manuscript submitted for publication) or cadherin-5 (Suzuki et al., 1991; Lampugnani et al., 1992). VE-cadherin is a newly described member of the cadherin family that is selectively expressed by EC of all types of vessels both in culture and in situ (Lampugnani et al., 1992; Leach et al., 1 ...
The Arabidopsis Callose Synthase Gene GSL8 Is
... has been reported to be involved in cell plate-specific callose synthesis (Hong et al., 2001). Two independent homozygous gsl6 insertion lines showed developmental phenotypes similar to those of wild-type plants (Supplemental Fig. S1, A–C). These two alleles are likely to be nulls, since no GSL6 mRN ...
... has been reported to be involved in cell plate-specific callose synthesis (Hong et al., 2001). Two independent homozygous gsl6 insertion lines showed developmental phenotypes similar to those of wild-type plants (Supplemental Fig. S1, A–C). These two alleles are likely to be nulls, since no GSL6 mRN ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑