Autoregulation of Actin Synthesis by Physiological
... Influence of osmotic stress on cellular G-actin/F-actin and on actin mRNA Rat hepatocytes were cultured for 18 hours as described in Materials and Methods. Thereafter the medium 199 was replaced by hypotonic (220 mosmol/1) or normotonic (280 mosmol/1) media for 120 min, respectively. Under hypotonic ...
... Influence of osmotic stress on cellular G-actin/F-actin and on actin mRNA Rat hepatocytes were cultured for 18 hours as described in Materials and Methods. Thereafter the medium 199 was replaced by hypotonic (220 mosmol/1) or normotonic (280 mosmol/1) media for 120 min, respectively. Under hypotonic ...
Plant synapses: actin-based domains for cell-to
... and the rapid transmission of oxidative and nitrosative stress signals between root and shoot apices of Arabidopsis appear to be relevant for the spread of systemic signals in the establishment of plant immunity [10]. Recent advances in plant physiology and ecology have revealed that plants might in ...
... and the rapid transmission of oxidative and nitrosative stress signals between root and shoot apices of Arabidopsis appear to be relevant for the spread of systemic signals in the establishment of plant immunity [10]. Recent advances in plant physiology and ecology have revealed that plants might in ...
Membrane trafficking and polar growth in root hairs and pollen tubes
... SNARE subfamilies of syntaxin-like proteins. These two subfamilies are thought to contribute to vesicle traffic between the vacuole and trans-Golgi network (Sanderfoot et al., 2001). No examples of mutations in SNARE proteins have yet been reported which impair root hair tip growth. Endocytosis Alon ...
... SNARE subfamilies of syntaxin-like proteins. These two subfamilies are thought to contribute to vesicle traffic between the vacuole and trans-Golgi network (Sanderfoot et al., 2001). No examples of mutations in SNARE proteins have yet been reported which impair root hair tip growth. Endocytosis Alon ...
Immunolocalization of maize transglutaminase and its substrates in
... of gold particles on the thylakoids increased significantly and were concentrated in the grana. Moreover, the increase in TGase with chloroplast differentiation, together with significant levels being present in mesophyll chloroplasts of the maize C4-photosynthesis cell system, supports the relation ...
... of gold particles on the thylakoids increased significantly and were concentrated in the grana. Moreover, the increase in TGase with chloroplast differentiation, together with significant levels being present in mesophyll chloroplasts of the maize C4-photosynthesis cell system, supports the relation ...
Chapter 7 Body Systems
... Cytoskeleton forms projections that extend the plasma membrane outward to form tiny, fingerlike processes ...
... Cytoskeleton forms projections that extend the plasma membrane outward to form tiny, fingerlike processes ...
Chapter_003
... Cytoskeleton forms projections that extend the plasma membrane outward to form tiny, fingerlike processes ...
... Cytoskeleton forms projections that extend the plasma membrane outward to form tiny, fingerlike processes ...
F-actin Sequesters Elongation Factor from Interaction with
... 1991). Interestingly, the other elongation factor (EF-2) has been demonstrated to bind directly to actin filaments (Bektas et al., 1994). Colocalization of these components with the cytoskeleton supports the speculation that protein synthesis in vivo is channeled, i.e., the components are organized ...
... 1991). Interestingly, the other elongation factor (EF-2) has been demonstrated to bind directly to actin filaments (Bektas et al., 1994). Colocalization of these components with the cytoskeleton supports the speculation that protein synthesis in vivo is channeled, i.e., the components are organized ...
Cell Wall
... peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Most bacteria have the Gram-negative cell wall and only the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria (previously known as the low G+C and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, respectively) have the alternative Gram ...
... peptidoglycan surrounded by a second lipid membrane containing lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. Most bacteria have the Gram-negative cell wall and only the Firmicutes and Actinobacteria (previously known as the low G+C and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria, respectively) have the alternative Gram ...
Contents - Hodder Education
... diffusion also plays an important role in the exchange of respiratory gases. Blood returning to the lungs from respiring cells (see Figure 2.6) contains a higher concentration of carbon dioxide and a lower concentration of oxygen than the air in the air sac. Carbon dioxide therefore diffuses out of ...
... diffusion also plays an important role in the exchange of respiratory gases. Blood returning to the lungs from respiring cells (see Figure 2.6) contains a higher concentration of carbon dioxide and a lower concentration of oxygen than the air in the air sac. Carbon dioxide therefore diffuses out of ...
How Have Plant Cell Walls Evolved?1
... The accurate mapping of cell wall diversity is important because it underpins much of our thinking about cell wall evolution and informs our interpretation of emerging genetic data. Although CoMPP is a useful new high-throughput method for cell wall analysis, it is limited by the availability of pro ...
... The accurate mapping of cell wall diversity is important because it underpins much of our thinking about cell wall evolution and informs our interpretation of emerging genetic data. Although CoMPP is a useful new high-throughput method for cell wall analysis, it is limited by the availability of pro ...
Identification of a New Protein Localized at Sites of Cell
... These fractions were pooled and subjected to preparative SDS PAGE. The proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose; narrow strips of nitrocellulose from the left and right sides of the preparative gel replica were excised and stained with Ponceau S. After destaining, these marker strips were aligned ...
... These fractions were pooled and subjected to preparative SDS PAGE. The proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose; narrow strips of nitrocellulose from the left and right sides of the preparative gel replica were excised and stained with Ponceau S. After destaining, these marker strips were aligned ...
Programmed Changes in Form during Moss Development
... grown in culture, with additional information from studies using Physcomitrella patens. The very early stages of moss development are characterized by cellular differentiation during filament growth. Spore germination leads to the formation of a filament that is made up of a tip cell (an apical cell ...
... grown in culture, with additional information from studies using Physcomitrella patens. The very early stages of moss development are characterized by cellular differentiation during filament growth. Spore germination leads to the formation of a filament that is made up of a tip cell (an apical cell ...
1Memstruc
... B. barriers created by tight-junctions offers a better explanation. C. anchored proteins would show essentially no motion at all in the membrane. D. binding to the cell cortex would not limit the movement of the proteins. Recent analysis has shown that these membrane domains contain an unusually hig ...
... B. barriers created by tight-junctions offers a better explanation. C. anchored proteins would show essentially no motion at all in the membrane. D. binding to the cell cortex would not limit the movement of the proteins. Recent analysis has shown that these membrane domains contain an unusually hig ...
Intercellular adhesion, signalling and the cytoskeleton
... Although the association of microtubules and adhesive structures has long been known, the function of this interaction is only recently being elucidated. Intriguingly, the addition of stimulatory anti-E-cadherin antibodies to mammalian cytoplasts resulted in the stabilization of microtubules36. In t ...
... Although the association of microtubules and adhesive structures has long been known, the function of this interaction is only recently being elucidated. Intriguingly, the addition of stimulatory anti-E-cadherin antibodies to mammalian cytoplasts resulted in the stabilization of microtubules36. In t ...
chlamydomonas gymnogama and - The Journal of Cell Biology
... and a determination of how much they contribute noted. Another interesting finding of the present study to the chemical composition of the wall remain to be investigated. Similar densely staining material, is the fact that the glycoprotein complex accounts presumed to be wall precursor, was observed ...
... and a determination of how much they contribute noted. Another interesting finding of the present study to the chemical composition of the wall remain to be investigated. Similar densely staining material, is the fact that the glycoprotein complex accounts presumed to be wall precursor, was observed ...
Turgor Pressure
... only be 0.03 bars (0.003 MPa). Thus plants operate at high pressures that are essential to the way they interact with their environment. Many examples can be found ranging from the subcellular to the whole plant. The activity of the transport proteins pumping solutes into the cell can be regulated b ...
... only be 0.03 bars (0.003 MPa). Thus plants operate at high pressures that are essential to the way they interact with their environment. Many examples can be found ranging from the subcellular to the whole plant. The activity of the transport proteins pumping solutes into the cell can be regulated b ...
chlamydomonas gymnogama and
... and a determination of how much they contribute noted. to the chemical composition of the wall remain to Another interesting finding of the present study be investigated. Similar densely staining material, is the fact that the glycoprotein complex accounts presumed to be wall precursor, was observed ...
... and a determination of how much they contribute noted. to the chemical composition of the wall remain to Another interesting finding of the present study be investigated. Similar densely staining material, is the fact that the glycoprotein complex accounts presumed to be wall precursor, was observed ...
Speciation of Small Molecules and Inorganic Ions in Salmon Egg
... (MoO42–) was spiked as a possible species in egg cell cytoplasm. The chromatograms for the unspiked and spiked samples obtained by ICP-MS detection at m/z 98 are shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen in Fig. 3, the peak of Mo in egg cell cytoplasm at a retention time of around ca. 3 min was consistent wit ...
... (MoO42–) was spiked as a possible species in egg cell cytoplasm. The chromatograms for the unspiked and spiked samples obtained by ICP-MS detection at m/z 98 are shown in Fig. 3. As can be seen in Fig. 3, the peak of Mo in egg cell cytoplasm at a retention time of around ca. 3 min was consistent wit ...
STRUCTURE OF SYNAPSES: OVERVIEW
... neurotransmitters in the postsynaptic membrane. Thus synaptic transmission relies on the vesicle mediated exocytosis of neurotransmitter. There is usually only one small molecule transmitter for a specific neuron type, but examples of different transmitters being released from the same varicosity ha ...
... neurotransmitters in the postsynaptic membrane. Thus synaptic transmission relies on the vesicle mediated exocytosis of neurotransmitter. There is usually only one small molecule transmitter for a specific neuron type, but examples of different transmitters being released from the same varicosity ha ...
Chapter 2 The Microsporangium and the Pollen Grain
... have been observed in Helianthus annuus. The peripheral tapetal cells become extremely vacuolate and large dictyosomes are formed which produce numerous small, single membrane-bound vacuoles. Many such vacuoles become enclosed by an element of ER, and result in multivesiculate bodies, which also sho ...
... have been observed in Helianthus annuus. The peripheral tapetal cells become extremely vacuolate and large dictyosomes are formed which produce numerous small, single membrane-bound vacuoles. Many such vacuoles become enclosed by an element of ER, and result in multivesiculate bodies, which also sho ...
Flat file for auto loading into the CBO 1.0 version. Individual sections
... GO: A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produc ...
... GO: A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through the nuclear division phase of a meiotic cell cycle, the specialized nuclear and cell division in which a single diploid cell undergoes two nuclear divisions following a single round of DNA replication in order to produc ...
The Role of Cytoskeletal Elements in Shaping Bacterial Cells
... with a few additional factors [2, 88]. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of rod-shape maintenance is expected to provide insight into cell-shape determination for a variety of bacteria with differing cell morphology. The rod shape is maintained by two distinct modes of PG synthesis; namely, sidewal ...
... with a few additional factors [2, 88]. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of rod-shape maintenance is expected to provide insight into cell-shape determination for a variety of bacteria with differing cell morphology. The rod shape is maintained by two distinct modes of PG synthesis; namely, sidewal ...
Endomembrane proton pumps: connecting membrane and vesicle
... Yeast vacuolar membrane ATPase (Vma) mutants display a conditional-lethal phenotype, which has greatly facilitated the analysis of V-ATPase subunit composition [5]. Vma-mutants fail to grow at neutral pH, but surprisingly the identity of the cellular organelle whose acidification is essential is s ...
... Yeast vacuolar membrane ATPase (Vma) mutants display a conditional-lethal phenotype, which has greatly facilitated the analysis of V-ATPase subunit composition [5]. Vma-mutants fail to grow at neutral pH, but surprisingly the identity of the cellular organelle whose acidification is essential is s ...
NUCLEAR AND CYTOPLASMIC STAINING
... The cytoskeleton (also CSK) is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm and is made out of protein. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells; it was once thought to be uni ...
... The cytoskeleton (also CSK) is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within the cytoplasm and is made out of protein. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells; it was once thought to be uni ...
The Electrochemical Gradient - Advanced
... One particular ion gradient with biological significance is the proton (H+ ) gradient. This type of gradient is established through active transport involving proton pumps. The proton gradient is used during photosynthesis and cellular respiration to generate a chemiosmotic potential, or proton moti ...
... One particular ion gradient with biological significance is the proton (H+ ) gradient. This type of gradient is established through active transport involving proton pumps. The proton gradient is used during photosynthesis and cellular respiration to generate a chemiosmotic potential, or proton moti ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑