Plant Cell Growth and Elongation
... the vacuole (up to 95% cell volume). The existing cell wall architecture must change during cell expansion to incorporate new material, increasing the surface area of the cell by as much as 10 000 times and inducing water uptake by the protoplast. As the rate of cell wall expansion is ratelimiting f ...
... the vacuole (up to 95% cell volume). The existing cell wall architecture must change during cell expansion to incorporate new material, increasing the surface area of the cell by as much as 10 000 times and inducing water uptake by the protoplast. As the rate of cell wall expansion is ratelimiting f ...
3. Taxonomy and classification of Algae
... protozoan organism into a food vesicle. Instead of being digested as a source of food, the cyanobacterium lived as an endosymbiont in the protozoan. This event benefited the protozoan because it received some of the photosynthate from the endosymbiotic alga, and it benefited the cyanobacterium becau ...
... protozoan organism into a food vesicle. Instead of being digested as a source of food, the cyanobacterium lived as an endosymbiont in the protozoan. This event benefited the protozoan because it received some of the photosynthate from the endosymbiotic alga, and it benefited the cyanobacterium becau ...
here - ScienceA2Z.com
... sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria play a critical role in generating energy in the eukaryotic cell. Mitochondria generate the cell's energy by the process of oxidative phosphorylation, utilizing oxygen to release energy stored in cellular nutrients (typically pertaining to ...
... sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria play a critical role in generating energy in the eukaryotic cell. Mitochondria generate the cell's energy by the process of oxidative phosphorylation, utilizing oxygen to release energy stored in cellular nutrients (typically pertaining to ...
Probing cytoplasmic viscosity in the confined geometry of
... but this approach requires being able to image and track single fluorescently labeled targets in three dimensions, over the time scales relevant to the objects’ motion [25]. FCS is an attractive alternative [17, 26], which does not use information at the single-particle level, however, it does requi ...
... but this approach requires being able to image and track single fluorescently labeled targets in three dimensions, over the time scales relevant to the objects’ motion [25]. FCS is an attractive alternative [17, 26], which does not use information at the single-particle level, however, it does requi ...
The Role of Receptor-Like Kinases in Regulating Cell Wall Function1
... CrRLK1L gene family, as combining the1 with herk1 and/or herk2 mutations, single mutants that are also aphenotypic, resulted in strong effects on cell expansion, including decreased petiole length and shoot growth (Guo et al., 2009a, 2009b), similar to the effects of the fer mutation. The overall de ...
... CrRLK1L gene family, as combining the1 with herk1 and/or herk2 mutations, single mutants that are also aphenotypic, resulted in strong effects on cell expansion, including decreased petiole length and shoot growth (Guo et al., 2009a, 2009b), similar to the effects of the fer mutation. The overall de ...
Biology of the Cell
... Most bacteria are encased by a strong cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, which consists of a carbohydrate matrix (polymers of sugars) that is cross-linked by short polypeptide units. No eukaryotes possess cell walls with this type of chemical composition. With a few exceptions like TB and leprosy- ...
... Most bacteria are encased by a strong cell wall composed of peptidoglycan, which consists of a carbohydrate matrix (polymers of sugars) that is cross-linked by short polypeptide units. No eukaryotes possess cell walls with this type of chemical composition. With a few exceptions like TB and leprosy- ...
Chapter 4 Test Cell Structure Answer Section
... d. All of the above 32. The organelles associated with photosynthesis are the a. Golgi apparatus. b. vacuoles. c. mitochondria. d. chloroplasts. 33. In which of the following organelles is a cell’s ATP (energy) produced? a. Golgi apparatus b. endoplasmic reticulum c. mitochondrion d. lysosome 34. On ...
... d. All of the above 32. The organelles associated with photosynthesis are the a. Golgi apparatus. b. vacuoles. c. mitochondria. d. chloroplasts. 33. In which of the following organelles is a cell’s ATP (energy) produced? a. Golgi apparatus b. endoplasmic reticulum c. mitochondrion d. lysosome 34. On ...
Break of symmetry in regenerating tobacco protoplasts is
... Nuclear migration during polarity and axis formation class-XIV kinesin NtKCH as cross-linker of these cytoskeletal elements is interesting. Therefore, regeneration in a GFPNtKCH overexpressor line was compared to the regeneration of non-transformed wild-type cells (Figure 3). Similar to the Lifeact ...
... Nuclear migration during polarity and axis formation class-XIV kinesin NtKCH as cross-linker of these cytoskeletal elements is interesting. Therefore, regeneration in a GFPNtKCH overexpressor line was compared to the regeneration of non-transformed wild-type cells (Figure 3). Similar to the Lifeact ...
The Role of Endocytosis in the Creation of the Cortical Division Zone
... of cortical and cell plate-associated MTs, and on the types and the distribution of vesicles in large volumes of cytoplasm in defined cellular domains (Austin et al., 2005; Karahara et al., 2009; Seguí-Simarro et al., 2004). This method is particularly effective when employed in conjunction with cry ...
... of cortical and cell plate-associated MTs, and on the types and the distribution of vesicles in large volumes of cytoplasm in defined cellular domains (Austin et al., 2005; Karahara et al., 2009; Seguí-Simarro et al., 2004). This method is particularly effective when employed in conjunction with cry ...
Sludge Quality and Microscopic Examination
... • High loading and stressed dissolved oxygen levels • Toxicity stress is an early indication by the higher life forms before the bacteria show the loss of treatment stress. • A rapid shift towards flagellates indicates an over abundance of free bacteria and dispersed growth. • The loss of free swimm ...
... • High loading and stressed dissolved oxygen levels • Toxicity stress is an early indication by the higher life forms before the bacteria show the loss of treatment stress. • A rapid shift towards flagellates indicates an over abundance of free bacteria and dispersed growth. • The loss of free swimm ...
Mastoparan Alters Subcellular Distribution of
... birch pollen profilin co-localizes with dynamic AFs when expressed in animal cells (Mayboroda et al. 1997). This suggests that plant and animal profilins obey the same principles responsible for their subcellular localizations (for animal cells see, e.g., Hartwig et al. 1989, Buß et al. 1992, Bubb e ...
... birch pollen profilin co-localizes with dynamic AFs when expressed in animal cells (Mayboroda et al. 1997). This suggests that plant and animal profilins obey the same principles responsible for their subcellular localizations (for animal cells see, e.g., Hartwig et al. 1989, Buß et al. 1992, Bubb e ...
Identification of Myosin XI Receptors in Arabidopsis Defines a
... elongating but not mature root hairs (Figures 2C and 2D), again a pattern similar to that of myosin XI-K:YFP (Peremyslov et al., 2012) and other proteins involved in polarized cell growth (Cole and Fowler, 2006). The close resemblance of the MyoB1-YFP and MyoB2-YFP localization patterns to those of ...
... elongating but not mature root hairs (Figures 2C and 2D), again a pattern similar to that of myosin XI-K:YFP (Peremyslov et al., 2012) and other proteins involved in polarized cell growth (Cole and Fowler, 2006). The close resemblance of the MyoB1-YFP and MyoB2-YFP localization patterns to those of ...
Left-right axis determination - Izpisua Belmonte Lab
... and fluid flow motion differ among species (Table 1), which can be evaluated through mathematical and computational modeling.32 For instance, ciliated organs with more sparsely distributed or stiffer cilia are expected to exhibit slower leftward fluid flows.32 Significantly, those elements relevant ...
... and fluid flow motion differ among species (Table 1), which can be evaluated through mathematical and computational modeling.32 For instance, ciliated organs with more sparsely distributed or stiffer cilia are expected to exhibit slower leftward fluid flows.32 Significantly, those elements relevant ...
Powerpoint template for scientific poster
... The importance of the electrical control of cell physiology has been stressed since the famous frog leg experiments of Luigi Galvani in the late 1700s (Adler and Shi 1988). Galvanotaxis, one aspect of this control, is the change in cellular movement created by an electrical field and has been an obj ...
... The importance of the electrical control of cell physiology has been stressed since the famous frog leg experiments of Luigi Galvani in the late 1700s (Adler and Shi 1988). Galvanotaxis, one aspect of this control, is the change in cellular movement created by an electrical field and has been an obj ...
04-Membranes-Organelles
... Arise from the Golgi complex They contain enzymes that break down macromolecules Function in intracellular digestion of Worn-out cellular components Substances taken into cells The resulting material is then recycled ...
... Arise from the Golgi complex They contain enzymes that break down macromolecules Function in intracellular digestion of Worn-out cellular components Substances taken into cells The resulting material is then recycled ...
Intracellular distribution of histone mRNAs in human fibroblasts studied
... for poly(A)+ mRNA (Table 1). The distribution of actin mRNA was also evaluated in WI-38 cells and compared to the distribution of histone mRNA and poly(A)+ mRNA. Representative cells are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Although actin mRNA was broadly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of most cells, it wa ...
... for poly(A)+ mRNA (Table 1). The distribution of actin mRNA was also evaluated in WI-38 cells and compared to the distribution of histone mRNA and poly(A)+ mRNA. Representative cells are shown in Figs. 5 and 6. Although actin mRNA was broadly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of most cells, it wa ...
Programmed Cell Death in Floral Organs: How and Why do Flowers
... Background Flowers have a species-specific, limited life span with an irreversible programme of senescence, which is largely independent of environmental factors, unlike leaf senescence, which is much more closely linked with external stimuli. Timing Life span of the whole flower is regulated fo ...
... Background Flowers have a species-specific, limited life span with an irreversible programme of senescence, which is largely independent of environmental factors, unlike leaf senescence, which is much more closely linked with external stimuli. Timing Life span of the whole flower is regulated fo ...
Recent developments in atomic force microscopy for underwater
... measurements of the surfaces of the Valonia cellulose crystals [1]. Kirby et al. performed AFM measurements on several different plant cell wall materials [2]. They demonstrated the feasibility of using AFM to image hydrated plant cell. The results showed that cell wall consisted of different layers ...
... measurements of the surfaces of the Valonia cellulose crystals [1]. Kirby et al. performed AFM measurements on several different plant cell wall materials [2]. They demonstrated the feasibility of using AFM to image hydrated plant cell. The results showed that cell wall consisted of different layers ...
Asymmetric Cell Divisions: Zygotes of Fucoid Algae as a
... Zygotes of fucoid algae have, for many years, been a fruitful system in which to study the mechanisms by which cells acquire polarity and regulate asymmetric cell divisions, mainly because they are easy to manipulate and analyze in the laboratory (for recent reviews, see Brownlee 2004; Katsaros et a ...
... Zygotes of fucoid algae have, for many years, been a fruitful system in which to study the mechanisms by which cells acquire polarity and regulate asymmetric cell divisions, mainly because they are easy to manipulate and analyze in the laboratory (for recent reviews, see Brownlee 2004; Katsaros et a ...
Plastid degeneration in Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) provides
... Similar structures were found by Rose et al. (2006) in isolated starving Arabidopis thaliana cell. Such an autophagic process might lead to a structure containing several concentric membranes, thus a MLB. However, it is not known how long these membranes might persist in such an autolytic vacuole. P ...
... Similar structures were found by Rose et al. (2006) in isolated starving Arabidopis thaliana cell. Such an autophagic process might lead to a structure containing several concentric membranes, thus a MLB. However, it is not known how long these membranes might persist in such an autolytic vacuole. P ...
FREE Sample Here
... 46) Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves _____. A) growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane B) setting up microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the movement of cytoplasm C) reinforcing the pseudopod with intermediate filaments D) ...
... 46) Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves _____. A) growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane B) setting up microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the movement of cytoplasm C) reinforcing the pseudopod with intermediate filaments D) ...
Dual targeting of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to the mitochondrion
... Accepted 18 September 2012 Journal of Cell Science 125, 6176–6184 ß 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi: 10.1242/jcs.116533 ...
... Accepted 18 September 2012 Journal of Cell Science 125, 6176–6184 ß 2012. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd doi: 10.1242/jcs.116533 ...
PDF
... identified due to their spiral wall reinforcements (Figure 2A). At the position indicated by the filled arrowhead at the left margin of Figure 2A, these vessels are lined up in the direction of view. As a result, the xylem appears as one narrow band. At the positions highlighted by open arrowheads, se ...
... identified due to their spiral wall reinforcements (Figure 2A). At the position indicated by the filled arrowhead at the left margin of Figure 2A, these vessels are lined up in the direction of view. As a result, the xylem appears as one narrow band. At the positions highlighted by open arrowheads, se ...
The Wall Becomes Surmountable
... these isoforms that suggests that the genes are expressed in cells only when UDP-Glc-derived precursors are needed for the synthesis of new matrix polymers. In young seedlings, an alternative pathway operates in which inositol is oxidized directly to Glc. They also showed, contrary to previous repor ...
... these isoforms that suggests that the genes are expressed in cells only when UDP-Glc-derived precursors are needed for the synthesis of new matrix polymers. In young seedlings, an alternative pathway operates in which inositol is oxidized directly to Glc. They also showed, contrary to previous repor ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑