Cell adhesion in plants is under the control of
... These results modify our understanding of cell adhesion in plants and, interestingly, this situation is reminiscent of recent reports that some of the phenotypes primarily described in cell wall mutants are actually the consequence of cell wall integrity sensing and signaling, leading to disturbed g ...
... These results modify our understanding of cell adhesion in plants and, interestingly, this situation is reminiscent of recent reports that some of the phenotypes primarily described in cell wall mutants are actually the consequence of cell wall integrity sensing and signaling, leading to disturbed g ...
Tracheary Element Differentiation Uses a Novel Mechanism
... were treated with three different concentrations of the indicated agents. Concentrations used for each drug were established in preliminary experiments, with the lowest concentration causing little or no cell death and the highest causing significant cell death. Cells were incubated for 6 h to allow ...
... were treated with three different concentrations of the indicated agents. Concentrations used for each drug were established in preliminary experiments, with the lowest concentration causing little or no cell death and the highest causing significant cell death. Cells were incubated for 6 h to allow ...
Skin and bones: the bacterial cytoskeleton, cell wall, and cell
... organisms, yet, far from being amorphous bags of biomolecules, they display a breathtaking array of cell morphologies from spheres, rods, and helices to tapered, branched, and flat shapes. Both shape and size are important for cell function, particularly with respect to diffusion and nutrient uptake ...
... organisms, yet, far from being amorphous bags of biomolecules, they display a breathtaking array of cell morphologies from spheres, rods, and helices to tapered, branched, and flat shapes. Both shape and size are important for cell function, particularly with respect to diffusion and nutrient uptake ...
Molecular cloning, over-expression, developmental regulation and
... purified and used as probe. Radiolabelled DNA probes were synthesized by the method of Feinberg and Vogelstein (1983). For these probes, prehybridization and hybridization were carried out at 65°C using the method of Church and Gilbert (1984). Stringency washes were carried out at 65°C in 0.2-0.4 M ...
... purified and used as probe. Radiolabelled DNA probes were synthesized by the method of Feinberg and Vogelstein (1983). For these probes, prehybridization and hybridization were carried out at 65°C using the method of Church and Gilbert (1984). Stringency washes were carried out at 65°C in 0.2-0.4 M ...
Evaluating Video Streaming over GPRS/UMTS networks: A practical
... mechanism based on feedback messages (such as RTCP) about the quality of link is not suitable for a cellular environment. When the data link is affected by the lossy nature of the air interface control link is affected too, then in this situation feedback information fails to reach the server side a ...
... mechanism based on feedback messages (such as RTCP) about the quality of link is not suitable for a cellular environment. When the data link is affected by the lossy nature of the air interface control link is affected too, then in this situation feedback information fails to reach the server side a ...
Functional coupling of microtubules to membranes
... Kinesins and dynein must employ different mechanisms to couple to membranes because the kinesin superfamily includes a large number of motor subunits, many of which bind accessory light chains to define their function (Hirokawa et al., 2009), whereas dynein is built around a single motor subunit who ...
... Kinesins and dynein must employ different mechanisms to couple to membranes because the kinesin superfamily includes a large number of motor subunits, many of which bind accessory light chains to define their function (Hirokawa et al., 2009), whereas dynein is built around a single motor subunit who ...
Molecular encounters at microtubule ends in the plant cell cortex
... Microtubules from nucleation to establishment of cortical arrays. (a) Microtubule assembly and disassembly. MTs are polymers of a/b tubulin heterodimers. A typical MT is composed of 13 linear protofilaments resulting from head-to-tail arrangement of heterodimers. Lateral association of protofilament ...
... Microtubules from nucleation to establishment of cortical arrays. (a) Microtubule assembly and disassembly. MTs are polymers of a/b tubulin heterodimers. A typical MT is composed of 13 linear protofilaments resulting from head-to-tail arrangement of heterodimers. Lateral association of protofilament ...
Muscles of the Body
... ◦ Calcium is pumped back out of the sarcoplasm by active transport pumps on the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum membrane into the SR (T & L Tubules). Troponin/tropomyosin complex shifts back over the actin filament binding sites ...
... ◦ Calcium is pumped back out of the sarcoplasm by active transport pumps on the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum membrane into the SR (T & L Tubules). Troponin/tropomyosin complex shifts back over the actin filament binding sites ...
Cell shape determination in Escherichia coli
... lateral wall synthesis; loss of function results in cessation of cell elongation and formation of round cells [13]. Conversely, PBP3 is essential for septal murein synthesis; inactivation gives rise to long non-septate filaments [13]. Localization studies using fluorescence techniques have generally ...
... lateral wall synthesis; loss of function results in cessation of cell elongation and formation of round cells [13]. Conversely, PBP3 is essential for septal murein synthesis; inactivation gives rise to long non-septate filaments [13]. Localization studies using fluorescence techniques have generally ...
Plant Vascular Biology 2013: vascular trafficking
... presented an interesting talk about the role of the kinase STRUBBELIG in regulating inter-cell-layer communication and tissue morphogenesis. In Arabidopsis, the atypical transmembrane leucine-rich repeat receptor-like (LRR-RLK) STRUBBELIG (SUB) has been shown to be critical for a number of developme ...
... presented an interesting talk about the role of the kinase STRUBBELIG in regulating inter-cell-layer communication and tissue morphogenesis. In Arabidopsis, the atypical transmembrane leucine-rich repeat receptor-like (LRR-RLK) STRUBBELIG (SUB) has been shown to be critical for a number of developme ...
Campbell Biology, 10e (Reece) Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell 1) The
... 46) Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves _____. A) growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane B) setting up microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the movement of cytoplasm C) reinforcing the pseudopod with intermediate filaments D ...
... 46) Amoebae move by crawling over a surface (cell crawling), which involves _____. A) growth of actin filaments to form bulges in the plasma membrane B) setting up microtubule extensions that vesicles can follow in the movement of cytoplasm C) reinforcing the pseudopod with intermediate filaments D ...
Localization of TGN38 to the trans-Golgi Network
... processing, the TGN is a major sorting compaaia~ient for proteins destined to more distal organelles of the secretory pathway, such as lysosomes, endosomes, secretory granules, and different domains of the plasma membrane (Griffiths and Simons, 1986). The differentiated structure and function of the ...
... processing, the TGN is a major sorting compaaia~ient for proteins destined to more distal organelles of the secretory pathway, such as lysosomes, endosomes, secretory granules, and different domains of the plasma membrane (Griffiths and Simons, 1986). The differentiated structure and function of the ...
Lesson Overview
... - Chemical Signals: passed from one cell to another that speed up or slow down the activities of the cell - Cellular Junctions: connections formed to neighboring cells - Some junctions allow small molecules that carry chemical messages to pass directly from one cell to ...
... - Chemical Signals: passed from one cell to another that speed up or slow down the activities of the cell - Cellular Junctions: connections formed to neighboring cells - Some junctions allow small molecules that carry chemical messages to pass directly from one cell to ...
The FRA1 kinesin contributes to cortical microtubule
... cell walls than the fra1-5 mutant for features around 20 nm, the difference was invisible by eye. Considering the 50% difference in elongation rate, cell wall organization in the two genotypes was strikingly similar (Figure 2C). Additionally, the net orientation of the cell wall fibrils, recovered i ...
... cell walls than the fra1-5 mutant for features around 20 nm, the difference was invisible by eye. Considering the 50% difference in elongation rate, cell wall organization in the two genotypes was strikingly similar (Figure 2C). Additionally, the net orientation of the cell wall fibrils, recovered i ...
Live cell imaging reveals actin-cytoskeleton
... length of 12–15 mm before disappearing. In this context, the crosslinking of actin filaments into thick bundles emerges as a strategy ‘used’ by cells to shape more stable and organized cytoskeletal structures. Indeed, probably as a result of their higher resistance to severing factors, actin bundles ...
... length of 12–15 mm before disappearing. In this context, the crosslinking of actin filaments into thick bundles emerges as a strategy ‘used’ by cells to shape more stable and organized cytoskeletal structures. Indeed, probably as a result of their higher resistance to severing factors, actin bundles ...
The plasma membrane recycling pathway and cell polarity in plants
... related PIN proteins. Indeed, a BLAST analysis revealed that several PIN proteins have sequences that are close to the p74 peptide used for raising the antibody. The antibody also labelled a major band of about the same size in extracts from maize roots (Fig. 1A). An additional minor band appeared a ...
... related PIN proteins. Indeed, a BLAST analysis revealed that several PIN proteins have sequences that are close to the p74 peptide used for raising the antibody. The antibody also labelled a major band of about the same size in extracts from maize roots (Fig. 1A). An additional minor band appeared a ...
potist power point
... Single celled algae living inside of coral.= mutualism. The algae make food for the coral animal during photosynthesis. What if you had algae living in your skin? ...
... Single celled algae living inside of coral.= mutualism. The algae make food for the coral animal during photosynthesis. What if you had algae living in your skin? ...
Modelling lava flows by Cellular Nonlinear Networks (CNN
... numerical models focus on the effects produced by lava flows on composite channel shapes (Macedonio and Longo, 1999), neglecting thermo-rheology characteristics of magma. An alternative approach to standard differential equation methods in modelling complex phenomena is represented by novel parallel ...
... numerical models focus on the effects produced by lava flows on composite channel shapes (Macedonio and Longo, 1999), neglecting thermo-rheology characteristics of magma. An alternative approach to standard differential equation methods in modelling complex phenomena is represented by novel parallel ...
The Development of the Cnidoblasts of Hydra
... fragment (2). The possibility that these cells may be pluripotent is not contested here, but under the conditions of the present study it was not evident that they have the capacity to differentiate into any cell type other than cnidoblasts. Our interest in them is therefore confined at present to a ...
... fragment (2). The possibility that these cells may be pluripotent is not contested here, but under the conditions of the present study it was not evident that they have the capacity to differentiate into any cell type other than cnidoblasts. Our interest in them is therefore confined at present to a ...
Myosin XIK is a major player in cytoplasm dynamics and is regulated
... Fig. 2. A tail fragment of myosin XIK arrests the motility of post-Golgi vesicles. Markers for endosomes (ARA6, ARA7, and FYVE), PVC (Syp21 and Syp22), TGN (Syp41), and exocytic vesicles/TGN (RabA4b) were transiently expressed in N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells together with a tail fragment of N ...
... Fig. 2. A tail fragment of myosin XIK arrests the motility of post-Golgi vesicles. Markers for endosomes (ARA6, ARA7, and FYVE), PVC (Syp21 and Syp22), TGN (Syp41), and exocytic vesicles/TGN (RabA4b) were transiently expressed in N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells together with a tail fragment of N ...
An Equatorial Contractile Mechanism Drives Cell Elongation but not
... lateral domains (the center of which differentiates into apical domain during lumen formation) (Figure 2A). Myosin II is essential for the contractility of the actomyosin ring in cytokinesis [48]. Its motor function is activated by the reversible phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MRL ...
... lateral domains (the center of which differentiates into apical domain during lumen formation) (Figure 2A). Myosin II is essential for the contractility of the actomyosin ring in cytokinesis [48]. Its motor function is activated by the reversible phosphorylation of myosin regulatory light chain (MRL ...
Chapter 4 Notes
... than eukaryotic cells • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have • a plasma membrane, • an interior filled with a thick, jellylike fluid called the cytosol, • one or more chromosomes, which carry genes made of DNA, and • ribosomes, tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the g ...
... than eukaryotic cells • Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have • a plasma membrane, • an interior filled with a thick, jellylike fluid called the cytosol, • one or more chromosomes, which carry genes made of DNA, and • ribosomes, tiny structures that make proteins according to instructions from the g ...
Cell Membrane Properties
... Passive transport (also called passive diffusion) a osmosis is a special case of passive transport ...
... Passive transport (also called passive diffusion) a osmosis is a special case of passive transport ...
Light-Independent Cell Death Induced by
... The process of lesion formation by tetrapyrrole accumulation is not fully understood, but it is most likely that initiation of lesion formation is triggered by the generation of singlet oxygen, as a result of energy transfer from excited tetrapyrrole molecules. This hypothesis is consistent with the ...
... The process of lesion formation by tetrapyrrole accumulation is not fully understood, but it is most likely that initiation of lesion formation is triggered by the generation of singlet oxygen, as a result of energy transfer from excited tetrapyrrole molecules. This hypothesis is consistent with the ...
Genetic Analysis of the Yeast Cytoskeleton.
... that underlie cytoskeletal function, we must define the roles of the individual cytoskeletal elements, identify their protein components, and determine the factors that regulate the assemblyof these componentsinto the appropriate structures at the correct time and position in the cell. The cytoskele ...
... that underlie cytoskeletal function, we must define the roles of the individual cytoskeletal elements, identify their protein components, and determine the factors that regulate the assemblyof these componentsinto the appropriate structures at the correct time and position in the cell. The cytoskele ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑