changes in the ultrastructure of capsicum annuum l. seedlings roots
... more numerous, vacuoles containing electron-opaque formations (Figs 7, 8), similar to those described in the vacuoles of the cap. The lobate cell nuclei had irregular, folded contours with deep invaginations (Fig. 8), and at some place a partial degradation of the nucleus membrane occurred (Fig. 9). ...
... more numerous, vacuoles containing electron-opaque formations (Figs 7, 8), similar to those described in the vacuoles of the cap. The lobate cell nuclei had irregular, folded contours with deep invaginations (Fig. 8), and at some place a partial degradation of the nucleus membrane occurred (Fig. 9). ...
Synthesis of a Callosic Substance during Rhizoid Differentiation in
... tubes still stained after conjugation was completed (Fig. 1 (9)). In higher plants, root hairs and pollen tubes elongate via tip growth. The presence of callose at the tip region of root hairs is controversial as discussed by Currier (1957). However, staining of the tip region with aniline blue has ...
... tubes still stained after conjugation was completed (Fig. 1 (9)). In higher plants, root hairs and pollen tubes elongate via tip growth. The presence of callose at the tip region of root hairs is controversial as discussed by Currier (1957). However, staining of the tip region with aniline blue has ...
Chapter 6
... • The plasma membrane is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell • The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids – Polar hydrophillic side out ...
... • The plasma membrane is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell • The general structure of a biological membrane is a double layer of phospholipids – Polar hydrophillic side out ...
Actin and Myosin Function in Directed Vacuole Movement during
... of Myo2p, a class V unconventional myosin, abolishes vacuole inheritance. This suggests that Myo2p serves as a molecular motor for vacuole transport along actin filaments. The location of actin and Myo2p relative to the vacuole membrane is consistent with this model. Additional studies suggest that ...
... of Myo2p, a class V unconventional myosin, abolishes vacuole inheritance. This suggests that Myo2p serves as a molecular motor for vacuole transport along actin filaments. The location of actin and Myo2p relative to the vacuole membrane is consistent with this model. Additional studies suggest that ...
Chapter 4 Powerpoint
... Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
Senescence-Associated Vacuoles, a Specific Lytic Compartment for
... membrane bound vesicles detected in the cytosol of leaf cells through transmission electron microscopy [33]. Their numbers increased during senescence, and immunolocalization experiments showed that they contained chloroplast stromal proteins, such as Rubisco and glutamine synthetase II, but not thy ...
... membrane bound vesicles detected in the cytosol of leaf cells through transmission electron microscopy [33]. Their numbers increased during senescence, and immunolocalization experiments showed that they contained chloroplast stromal proteins, such as Rubisco and glutamine synthetase II, but not thy ...
Protein import into the nucleus - Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes
... of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm. This review will focus on new findings on protein import into the nucleus. Export of proteins and import/export of R N A have been reviewed recently [1-4]. Molecules of up to ,~ 50 kDa may pass the NPC by diffusion. However, even small pro ...
... of macromolecules between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm. This review will focus on new findings on protein import into the nucleus. Export of proteins and import/export of R N A have been reviewed recently [1-4]. Molecules of up to ,~ 50 kDa may pass the NPC by diffusion. However, even small pro ...
Actin Dynamics in Papilla Cells of Brassica rapa
... The self-incompatibility system of the plant species Brassica is controlled by the S-locus, which contains S-RECEPTOR KINASE (SRK) and S-LOCUS PROTEIN11 (SP11). SP11 binding to SRK induces SRK autophosphorylation and initiates a signaling cascade leading to the rejection of self pollen. However, the ...
... The self-incompatibility system of the plant species Brassica is controlled by the S-locus, which contains S-RECEPTOR KINASE (SRK) and S-LOCUS PROTEIN11 (SP11). SP11 binding to SRK induces SRK autophosphorylation and initiates a signaling cascade leading to the rejection of self pollen. However, the ...
Lamin proteins form an internal nucleoskeleton as well as a
... The nuclear lamina is a protein mesh underlying the nuclear membrane that remains associated with the residual nuclear envelope after extraction with non-ionic detergents and high concentrations of salt (Newport and Forbes, 1987; Gerace and Burke, 1988). In most mammalian cells, it is composed of th ...
... The nuclear lamina is a protein mesh underlying the nuclear membrane that remains associated with the residual nuclear envelope after extraction with non-ionic detergents and high concentrations of salt (Newport and Forbes, 1987; Gerace and Burke, 1988). In most mammalian cells, it is composed of th ...
Characterization of chloroplasts in pavement cells of Arabidopsis
... cotyledons and leaves of Arabidopsis, 9 to 15 PCC are found per cell, while a single mesophyll cell may contain over 120 chloroplasts (Pyke and Leech, 1992, 1994; Barton et al., 2016). PCC are photosynthetically active and show clear grana, but their chlorophyll autofluorescence signal is low compar ...
... cotyledons and leaves of Arabidopsis, 9 to 15 PCC are found per cell, while a single mesophyll cell may contain over 120 chloroplasts (Pyke and Leech, 1992, 1994; Barton et al., 2016). PCC are photosynthetically active and show clear grana, but their chlorophyll autofluorescence signal is low compar ...
Biogenesis and origin of thylakoid membranes
... [7,31,32,34,35]. Vesicles inside plastids have been observed in early electron microscopic studies [7^9]. They are common in proplastids and have also been observed on the inner envelope of etioplasts in dark-grown cells of the Chlamydomonas y-1 mutant, shortly after illumination when chloroplast de ...
... [7,31,32,34,35]. Vesicles inside plastids have been observed in early electron microscopic studies [7^9]. They are common in proplastids and have also been observed on the inner envelope of etioplasts in dark-grown cells of the Chlamydomonas y-1 mutant, shortly after illumination when chloroplast de ...
Phragmoplastin dynamics: multiple forms
... and Falbel, 2002). This is based largely on observations from electron microscopy. A recent study on the formation of syncytial-type cell plates in the endosperm revealed that vesicles that are attached to the phragmoplast microtubules have a pair of kinked, rodshaped structures, resembling kinesin- ...
... and Falbel, 2002). This is based largely on observations from electron microscopy. A recent study on the formation of syncytial-type cell plates in the endosperm revealed that vesicles that are attached to the phragmoplast microtubules have a pair of kinked, rodshaped structures, resembling kinesin- ...
Designing the deconstruction of plant cell walls
... Gaining genetic control of cell wall architecture Gaining genetic control of cell wall composition is a key goal for the improvement of bioenergy crops, but must be achieved without compromising plant performance. Although lignin content can be reduced by downregulation of lignin biosynthetic enzyme ...
... Gaining genetic control of cell wall architecture Gaining genetic control of cell wall composition is a key goal for the improvement of bioenergy crops, but must be achieved without compromising plant performance. Although lignin content can be reduced by downregulation of lignin biosynthetic enzyme ...
Forces That Move Ions and Molecules
... and into the cytoplasm within the cell. On the other hand, because cells produce CO2 as a byproduct of metabolism, CO2 concentrations rise within the cytoplasm; therefore, CO2 will move from the cell through the lipid bilayer and into the interstitial uid, where its concentration is lower. This mec ...
... and into the cytoplasm within the cell. On the other hand, because cells produce CO2 as a byproduct of metabolism, CO2 concentrations rise within the cytoplasm; therefore, CO2 will move from the cell through the lipid bilayer and into the interstitial uid, where its concentration is lower. This mec ...
Cells as Tensegrity Structures: Architectural Basis of the Cytoskeleton
... (continuum) stress, Fi and li are current forces and lengths of the cables ( i = 1, 2,3 ... N ), Qi and Li are current forces and lengths of the struts ( i = 1, 2,3 ... M ), and N and M denote the total number of cables and struts in the network, respectively. The negative sign in (1) indicates comp ...
... (continuum) stress, Fi and li are current forces and lengths of the cables ( i = 1, 2,3 ... N ), Qi and Li are current forces and lengths of the struts ( i = 1, 2,3 ... M ), and N and M denote the total number of cables and struts in the network, respectively. The negative sign in (1) indicates comp ...
Carrier Proteins - HCC Learning Web
... • A plant cell in a solution hypotonic to the cell contents swells due to osmosis until the elastic cell wall exerts a back-pressure on the cell that opposes further uptake. – At this point the cell is turgid (very firm), a healthy state for most plant cells. Turgid cells contribute to the mechanica ...
... • A plant cell in a solution hypotonic to the cell contents swells due to osmosis until the elastic cell wall exerts a back-pressure on the cell that opposes further uptake. – At this point the cell is turgid (very firm), a healthy state for most plant cells. Turgid cells contribute to the mechanica ...
MIMOSA PUDICA L. A SENSITIVE PLANT ABSTRACT Keyword
... The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents in the motor organs, such as the primary pulvinus of Mimosa, is three to four times greater than those in the no movable portions of the plant. Electrical and mechanical activity of the contractile vacuole are associated with increased leakage of ions throug ...
... The adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contents in the motor organs, such as the primary pulvinus of Mimosa, is three to four times greater than those in the no movable portions of the plant. Electrical and mechanical activity of the contractile vacuole are associated with increased leakage of ions throug ...
Preface The plant cell cycle in context
... 2006). Mitotic cycles giving rise to cell division are therefore primarily concentrated in meristematic regions, such as at the tips of growing shoots and roots. As the organ becomes more distant from the meristem due to its further growth, division reduces and cell expansion and differentiation occ ...
... 2006). Mitotic cycles giving rise to cell division are therefore primarily concentrated in meristematic regions, such as at the tips of growing shoots and roots. As the organ becomes more distant from the meristem due to its further growth, division reduces and cell expansion and differentiation occ ...
Pollen cytoskeleton during germination and tube growth
... structure and in the distribution of organelles48 and the organization of actin filaments was well correlated with the pattern of organelle movement in different tube regions49. Pollen tube growth is also strongly affected by different actin antagonists, such as latrunculin B32, and profilin/DNase I ...
... structure and in the distribution of organelles48 and the organization of actin filaments was well correlated with the pattern of organelle movement in different tube regions49. Pollen tube growth is also strongly affected by different actin antagonists, such as latrunculin B32, and profilin/DNase I ...
Erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome: a light and
... was also demonstrated. The most common clinical sign of the disease is anemia which may vary from mild to severe (Leek 1987). Often EIBS is associated with other diseases such as bacterial kidney disease, coldwater disease and fungus infections (Piacentini et al. 1989).The disease is clinically diag ...
... was also demonstrated. The most common clinical sign of the disease is anemia which may vary from mild to severe (Leek 1987). Often EIBS is associated with other diseases such as bacterial kidney disease, coldwater disease and fungus infections (Piacentini et al. 1989).The disease is clinically diag ...
Chapter 7: A View of the Cell
... Your cells need nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids to function. It is the job of the plasma membrane, the flexible boundary between the cell and its environment, to allow a steady supply of these nutrients to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are. However, too ...
... Your cells need nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, and lipids to function. It is the job of the plasma membrane, the flexible boundary between the cell and its environment, to allow a steady supply of these nutrients to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are. However, too ...
The Myriad Roles of Anillin during Cytokinesis Alisa J. Piekny1 and
... Specifically, cytokinesis failure results from a lateral oscillation behavior during which the polar regions of the cell become aberrantly contractile and push cytoplasm across the equator (Fig. 4; [21]). This contractile behavior in the polar regions of the cell likely is caused by the mislocalizat ...
... Specifically, cytokinesis failure results from a lateral oscillation behavior during which the polar regions of the cell become aberrantly contractile and push cytoplasm across the equator (Fig. 4; [21]). This contractile behavior in the polar regions of the cell likely is caused by the mislocalizat ...
Endocytic Uptake of Nutrients, Cell Wall Molecules, and Fluidized
... That a portion of the nutrients stored in the vacuole are taken up by endocytosis was recently established using sycamore cell cultures in conjunction with the endocytic inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002, and Lucifer Yellow as the fluid-phase endocytosis marker (Etxeberria et al. 2005a). When transf ...
... That a portion of the nutrients stored in the vacuole are taken up by endocytosis was recently established using sycamore cell cultures in conjunction with the endocytic inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002, and Lucifer Yellow as the fluid-phase endocytosis marker (Etxeberria et al. 2005a). When transf ...
Rearrangement of the Keratin Cytoskeleton after Combined
... The distribution and arrangement of cytokeratin in a control culture of HeLa cells that has been reacted with anti-akeratin antiserum and visualized using indirect immunofluorescence is shown in Figure 2a. The uniform-sized, wavyappearing keratin filaments are evenly distributed throughout the cytop ...
... The distribution and arrangement of cytokeratin in a control culture of HeLa cells that has been reacted with anti-akeratin antiserum and visualized using indirect immunofluorescence is shown in Figure 2a. The uniform-sized, wavyappearing keratin filaments are evenly distributed throughout the cytop ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑