File
... (motor domain), connected to a rod-like stalk. – Kinesin is a plus end-directed microtubular motor based on its movement. ...
... (motor domain), connected to a rod-like stalk. – Kinesin is a plus end-directed microtubular motor based on its movement. ...
Chapter 3: Movement Of Substances Across the Substances
... plasma membrane into the cell. P1-Amino acid is a large water soluble molecule P2-It requires carrier protein to move across the membrane P3-Amino acid will bind to the carrier protein which is specific to it P4-Carrier protein will change its shape to bring the amino acid molecule across the membra ...
... plasma membrane into the cell. P1-Amino acid is a large water soluble molecule P2-It requires carrier protein to move across the membrane P3-Amino acid will bind to the carrier protein which is specific to it P4-Carrier protein will change its shape to bring the amino acid molecule across the membra ...
public exam_photosynthesis
... (b) A fluorescent lamp was placed 12 cm away from the set-up. The position of the water level was recorded at 10-minute intervals for 30 minutes. The same procedure was repeated with the lamp placed 18 cm and 24 cm away. The results of the experiment are shown in the ...
... (b) A fluorescent lamp was placed 12 cm away from the set-up. The position of the water level was recorded at 10-minute intervals for 30 minutes. The same procedure was repeated with the lamp placed 18 cm and 24 cm away. The results of the experiment are shown in the ...
Meiosis Flip Project Lena Wachs
... The purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes and genetic variation. After meiosis, there are four haploids, each with different sets of chromosomes. This increases the genetic variation which allows for evolution and the adaptation of organisms to different environments and for sexual reproduction t ...
... The purpose of meiosis is to produce gametes and genetic variation. After meiosis, there are four haploids, each with different sets of chromosomes. This increases the genetic variation which allows for evolution and the adaptation of organisms to different environments and for sexual reproduction t ...
Examination of the endosomal and lysosomal pathways in
... in the membranes of both the lysosomal and contractile vacuole systems, are altered in both endocytosis and osmoregulation (Bush et al., unpublished data). The transport of material to and from lysosomes requires the proper movement and fusion of membrane vesicles, and the transit of these membrane- ...
... in the membranes of both the lysosomal and contractile vacuole systems, are altered in both endocytosis and osmoregulation (Bush et al., unpublished data). The transport of material to and from lysosomes requires the proper movement and fusion of membrane vesicles, and the transit of these membrane- ...
The Physiology of Gibberellin-Induced Elongation
... clear, however, that only cell elongation, and not cell division, can be involved in the process of surface growth (11). Thus, GA may affect the process of cell division in in· tact plants or isolated plant parts (7 -1 0), but elongation growth results only from the process of cell extension. The pr ...
... clear, however, that only cell elongation, and not cell division, can be involved in the process of surface growth (11). Thus, GA may affect the process of cell division in in· tact plants or isolated plant parts (7 -1 0), but elongation growth results only from the process of cell extension. The pr ...
S1 Topic 8 The Basic Structure of a Cell
... A. Label the parts of the following cells using the terms provided. cell membrane 細胞膜 ...
... A. Label the parts of the following cells using the terms provided. cell membrane 細胞膜 ...
the Cytoskeleton in Plant Development1
... of signal-triggered morphogenesis it is relevant that cortical microtubules can change orientation in response to various stimuli (refer to section III for details). The ensuing mitosis is heralded by a displacement of the nucleus to the cell centre, i.e., to the site where the prospective cell plat ...
... of signal-triggered morphogenesis it is relevant that cortical microtubules can change orientation in response to various stimuli (refer to section III for details). The ensuing mitosis is heralded by a displacement of the nucleus to the cell centre, i.e., to the site where the prospective cell plat ...
MyRIP, a novel Rab effector, enables myosin VIIa recruitment to
... organelles: (i) MyRIP directly interacts with the actin-based motor protein myosin VIIa and with Rab27A; (ii) MyRIP, Rab27A and myosin VIIa are detected on retinal melanosomes; and (iii) MyRIP is able to interfere with myosin VIIa tail localization and, in particular, to promote its recruitment, via ...
... organelles: (i) MyRIP directly interacts with the actin-based motor protein myosin VIIa and with Rab27A; (ii) MyRIP, Rab27A and myosin VIIa are detected on retinal melanosomes; and (iii) MyRIP is able to interfere with myosin VIIa tail localization and, in particular, to promote its recruitment, via ...
06_Lecture_Presentation
... Microfilaments (Actin Filaments) • Microfilaments are solid rods about 7 nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits • The structural role of microfilaments is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell • They form a 3-D network called the cortex just inside the ...
... Microfilaments (Actin Filaments) • Microfilaments are solid rods about 7 nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits • The structural role of microfilaments is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell • They form a 3-D network called the cortex just inside the ...
The pollen wall and tapetum are altered in the
... between plasma membrane and the nexine (Heslop-Harrison, 1971), and contains cellulose, pectin, and various proteins (Owen and Makaroff, 1995). The morphological features of the tectum, bacula, and nexine vary considerably, but they are the most representative structural characteristics of the polle ...
... between plasma membrane and the nexine (Heslop-Harrison, 1971), and contains cellulose, pectin, and various proteins (Owen and Makaroff, 1995). The morphological features of the tectum, bacula, and nexine vary considerably, but they are the most representative structural characteristics of the polle ...
Dimensional analysis of Expansive Growth of Cells with Walls
... produce irreversible (plastic) and reversible (elastic) wall deformations in three orthogonal directions, generally stretching the wall in the two directions parallel to the wall surface (longitudinally and circumferentially) and contracting the wall in the direction perpendicular to the surface, ma ...
... produce irreversible (plastic) and reversible (elastic) wall deformations in three orthogonal directions, generally stretching the wall in the two directions parallel to the wall surface (longitudinally and circumferentially) and contracting the wall in the direction perpendicular to the surface, ma ...
structural responses of amoebae
... 2 h after injection of heterologous cytoplasm from Pelomyxa carolinensis, few ultrastructural changes were observed in recipient Amoeba discoides, although the cytoplasm did contain some large mitochondria, reminiscent of those of normal P. carolinensis. At these and subsequent intervals up to 1 d, ...
... 2 h after injection of heterologous cytoplasm from Pelomyxa carolinensis, few ultrastructural changes were observed in recipient Amoeba discoides, although the cytoplasm did contain some large mitochondria, reminiscent of those of normal P. carolinensis. At these and subsequent intervals up to 1 d, ...
cleeks o` cytokinesis: microtubule sticks and contractile hoops in cell
... The future challenge is to integrate this knowledge into an understanding of what is one the most fundamental processes in cell biology. The work in our laboratory on cytokinesis has been supported by grants from Cancer Research U.K. and the BBSRC (Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Coun ...
... The future challenge is to integrate this knowledge into an understanding of what is one the most fundamental processes in cell biology. The work in our laboratory on cytokinesis has been supported by grants from Cancer Research U.K. and the BBSRC (Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Coun ...
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
... Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus. Slide 3 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus. Slide 3 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
... Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus. Slide 3 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus. Slide 3 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
Section 2
... Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus. Slide 3 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
... Cell biologists divide the eukaryotic cell into two major parts: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside the nucleus. Slide 3 of 49 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall ...
Roles of vaccinia virus EEV-specific proteins in intracellular actin tail
... extended projections from cells that appear late during infection with VV (Sanderson et al., 1998). The formation of these projections requires the polymerization of actin (Sanderson et al., 1998) and therefore it was possible that in situations where the polymerization of actin to form intracellula ...
... extended projections from cells that appear late during infection with VV (Sanderson et al., 1998). The formation of these projections requires the polymerization of actin (Sanderson et al., 1998) and therefore it was possible that in situations where the polymerization of actin to form intracellula ...
Correlation of Endothelial Cell Shape and Wall Shear Stress in a
... dynes/cm2 and provided for a distensibility and wall motion that was a reasonable approximation of that of the dog aorta. The fluid used in the LDA studies was a glycol-water solution with a kinematic viscosity of T| = 8.5 centipoise. This viscosity is higher than that of blood; however, it was nece ...
... dynes/cm2 and provided for a distensibility and wall motion that was a reasonable approximation of that of the dog aorta. The fluid used in the LDA studies was a glycol-water solution with a kinematic viscosity of T| = 8.5 centipoise. This viscosity is higher than that of blood; however, it was nece ...
Roles of vaccinia virus EEV-specific proteins in intracellular actin tail
... extended projections from cells that appear late during infection with VV (Sanderson et al., 1998). The formation of these projections requires the polymerization of actin (Sanderson et al., 1998) and therefore it was possible that in situations where the polymerization of actin to form intracellula ...
... extended projections from cells that appear late during infection with VV (Sanderson et al., 1998). The formation of these projections requires the polymerization of actin (Sanderson et al., 1998) and therefore it was possible that in situations where the polymerization of actin to form intracellula ...
Polarity and cell division orientation in the cleavage embryo: from
... the order in which these divisions occur, affects both fate and developmental potential of the resulting cells (Piotrowska-Nitsche and ZernickaGoetz, 2005). In the majority of ME embryos, the embryonic part of the blastocyst (so-called inner cell mass, ICM) is built by the progeny of the 2-cell blas ...
... the order in which these divisions occur, affects both fate and developmental potential of the resulting cells (Piotrowska-Nitsche and ZernickaGoetz, 2005). In the majority of ME embryos, the embryonic part of the blastocyst (so-called inner cell mass, ICM) is built by the progeny of the 2-cell blas ...
The functions of cell wall polysaccharides in composition and
... Unbranched GAXs can hydrogen bond to cellulose or to each other. The attachment of arabinose and glucuronic acid side-groups to the xylan backbone of GAXs prevents the formation of hydrogen bonds, diminishing the extent of cross-linking between two unbranched GAX chains or GAX to cellulose. In gener ...
... Unbranched GAXs can hydrogen bond to cellulose or to each other. The attachment of arabinose and glucuronic acid side-groups to the xylan backbone of GAXs prevents the formation of hydrogen bonds, diminishing the extent of cross-linking between two unbranched GAX chains or GAX to cellulose. In gener ...
Plant cell expansion: scaling the wall Fr´ed´eric Nicol and Herman H
... The recessive mutation korrigan (kor) was identified in a screen for short hypocotyl mutants of Arabidopsis [22]. As with rsw1, kor cells show reduced elongation and increased radial cell expansion. The mutation affects all cell types examined, except for the tip-growing root hairs, trichomes and po ...
... The recessive mutation korrigan (kor) was identified in a screen for short hypocotyl mutants of Arabidopsis [22]. As with rsw1, kor cells show reduced elongation and increased radial cell expansion. The mutation affects all cell types examined, except for the tip-growing root hairs, trichomes and po ...
Cellular Membranes
... – 2 substances are moved in opposite directions • Some carriers passively transport substances down their respective concentration gradient • Other carriers actively transport substances up their respective concentration gradient – carriers called pumps hydrolyze a molecule of ATP and use the energy ...
... – 2 substances are moved in opposite directions • Some carriers passively transport substances down their respective concentration gradient • Other carriers actively transport substances up their respective concentration gradient – carriers called pumps hydrolyze a molecule of ATP and use the energy ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑