Chapter 1: The Microbial World and You
... Net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. Equilibrium: Net movement stops when molecules are evenly distributed. Used by cells to transport small molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide) across their membranes. Example: Diffusion of perfume i ...
... Net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. Equilibrium: Net movement stops when molecules are evenly distributed. Used by cells to transport small molecules (oxygen, carbon dioxide) across their membranes. Example: Diffusion of perfume i ...
Isolation of Spherosomes with Lysosome Characteristics from
... tion curve of this enzyme (Fig. 2 b ). In tobacco ex tracts a particle with a similar density is present (Fig. 1 ) but seemingly contains no phosphatase (Fig. 3 b ). Both extracts finally contain particulate elements of a density equal or lower than that of 20% sucrose. In the gradient this m ateri ...
... tion curve of this enzyme (Fig. 2 b ). In tobacco ex tracts a particle with a similar density is present (Fig. 1 ) but seemingly contains no phosphatase (Fig. 3 b ). Both extracts finally contain particulate elements of a density equal or lower than that of 20% sucrose. In the gradient this m ateri ...
Plant-specific mitotic targeting of RanGAP
... Knowledge about the similarities and differences in the mechanism of plant and animal RanGAP targeting (and, by extension, establishment of the Ran gradient) will be crucial to understand the degree of divergence between the two kingdoms. Here we show that the human and Arabidopsis RanGAP targeting ...
... Knowledge about the similarities and differences in the mechanism of plant and animal RanGAP targeting (and, by extension, establishment of the Ran gradient) will be crucial to understand the degree of divergence between the two kingdoms. Here we show that the human and Arabidopsis RanGAP targeting ...
7.2 powerpoint
... What organelles help make and transport proteins? Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. Proteins made on the rough endoplasmic reticulum include those that will be released, or secreted, from the cell as well as many membrane proteins and proteins destined for lysosomes and other specialized location ...
... What organelles help make and transport proteins? Proteins are assembled on ribosomes. Proteins made on the rough endoplasmic reticulum include those that will be released, or secreted, from the cell as well as many membrane proteins and proteins destined for lysosomes and other specialized location ...
Chapter 5 Practice
... would you expect to happen? Would this result occur more quickly if the paramecium was in water with a high salt concentration or in water with a low salt concentration? Why? Write your answer in the space below. 31. A biologist conducts an experiment designed to determine whether a particular type ...
... would you expect to happen? Would this result occur more quickly if the paramecium was in water with a high salt concentration or in water with a low salt concentration? Why? Write your answer in the space below. 31. A biologist conducts an experiment designed to determine whether a particular type ...
Deflagellation and Flagellar Regeneration in Chlamydomonas
... new flagella of the same length, about 10-12 µm. In addition, if one flagellum of the cell is amputated, the intact flagellum will disassemble as the new flagellum assembles, until the two flagella are the same length. Then both flagella will grow to their original length at approximately the same r ...
... new flagella of the same length, about 10-12 µm. In addition, if one flagellum of the cell is amputated, the intact flagellum will disassemble as the new flagellum assembles, until the two flagella are the same length. Then both flagella will grow to their original length at approximately the same r ...
Sporangiophores' Technique Study Transpiration Pressure Probe
... Pressure probe techniques have been used to determine the biophysical and biomechanical properties of higher plant cells which control water transport and plant cell growth (2-4, 8, 14). These pressure probe techniques have also been used to study the water relations of the sporangiophores of Phycom ...
... Pressure probe techniques have been used to determine the biophysical and biomechanical properties of higher plant cells which control water transport and plant cell growth (2-4, 8, 14). These pressure probe techniques have also been used to study the water relations of the sporangiophores of Phycom ...
Bio1A - Lec 6 slides File
... • built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits • structural role - to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell ...
... • built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits • structural role - to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell ...
Isolation and Characterization of Cell Wall
... Strain and growth conditions. Synechococcus sp. PCC 6307, obtained from the Pasteur Culture Collection (PCC), Paris, France, was grown photoautotrophically in BG-11 medium pH 7-5 (Rippka et al., 1979) at 25 "C, illuminated with white fluorescent lamps (5000 lx). Mass cultures (10 1) were prepared in ...
... Strain and growth conditions. Synechococcus sp. PCC 6307, obtained from the Pasteur Culture Collection (PCC), Paris, France, was grown photoautotrophically in BG-11 medium pH 7-5 (Rippka et al., 1979) at 25 "C, illuminated with white fluorescent lamps (5000 lx). Mass cultures (10 1) were prepared in ...
Cytokinesis in flowering plants: cellular process
... Specialized modes of cytokinesis Meiotic and gametophytic cells have long been known to divide differently than somatic cells. Recent studies may shed light on the mechanisms being involved. In Arabidopsis, as in many plant species, male meiotic cytokinesis produces the four microspores simultaneous ...
... Specialized modes of cytokinesis Meiotic and gametophytic cells have long been known to divide differently than somatic cells. Recent studies may shed light on the mechanisms being involved. In Arabidopsis, as in many plant species, male meiotic cytokinesis produces the four microspores simultaneous ...
CELL MOTILITY: Spatial and Temporal Regulation of
... phase viscosity of small solutes is only 10% to 30% less in cytoplasm than in water [reviewed in (13)]. Although diffusion can be the principle mechanism of molecular movement for interactions on a ⬃ 20 nm scale, it cannot completely explain the mechanism by which molecules move over greater distanc ...
... phase viscosity of small solutes is only 10% to 30% less in cytoplasm than in water [reviewed in (13)]. Although diffusion can be the principle mechanism of molecular movement for interactions on a ⬃ 20 nm scale, it cannot completely explain the mechanism by which molecules move over greater distanc ...
... organelles from one another, rather than presenting a combined reading. This is accomplished primarily by use of enzyme markers, following a well-established methodology (Martinoia, Heck & Wiemken 1981; Belton et al. 1985; Winter, Robinson & Heldt 1993, 1994). Surprisingly, in their only quantitativ ...
Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles
... Excess protons are pumped out of the cell To maintain pH homeostasis, acidophiles need to be able to remove excess protons from the cytoplasm and the DpH in B. acidocaldarius and T. acidophilum is created by active proton pumping [32] (Figure 1). Also, all of the available sequenced acidophile genom ...
... Excess protons are pumped out of the cell To maintain pH homeostasis, acidophiles need to be able to remove excess protons from the cytoplasm and the DpH in B. acidocaldarius and T. acidophilum is created by active proton pumping [32] (Figure 1). Also, all of the available sequenced acidophile genom ...
Synthetic Organelles
... transport molecules to the outside of the plasma membrane or into membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, ...
... transport molecules to the outside of the plasma membrane or into membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, ...
Survival Strategies and Membrane Properties of
... chains of two diether lipids are fused to a C40 core. These lipids are called tetraether lipids. These tetraether lipids form a monolayer in which the tetraether lipids span the whole membrane (Figure 1B). Freeze-fracturing studies of biological membranes revealed that cleavage can occur between the ...
... chains of two diether lipids are fused to a C40 core. These lipids are called tetraether lipids. These tetraether lipids form a monolayer in which the tetraether lipids span the whole membrane (Figure 1B). Freeze-fracturing studies of biological membranes revealed that cleavage can occur between the ...
Millius et al., J. Cell Sci., 2012 - Cardiovascular Research Institute
... The SCAR/WAVE complex drives lamellipodium formation by enhancing actin nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex. Phosphoinositides and Rac activate the SCAR/WAVE complex, but how SCAR/WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes converge at sites of nucleation is unknown. We analyzed the single-molecule dynamics of WAVE2 and ...
... The SCAR/WAVE complex drives lamellipodium formation by enhancing actin nucleation by the Arp2/3 complex. Phosphoinositides and Rac activate the SCAR/WAVE complex, but how SCAR/WAVE and Arp2/3 complexes converge at sites of nucleation is unknown. We analyzed the single-molecule dynamics of WAVE2 and ...
PDF
... be continuous with the ICM, but formed by membrane invaginations and that ‘‘the bacterial nucleoid is not completely sealed by the double-membrane system’’ [14]. It was observed that ‘‘the double-membrane network of G. obscuriglobus cells emanates from the intracytoplasmic membrane to form unsealed ...
... be continuous with the ICM, but formed by membrane invaginations and that ‘‘the bacterial nucleoid is not completely sealed by the double-membrane system’’ [14]. It was observed that ‘‘the double-membrane network of G. obscuriglobus cells emanates from the intracytoplasmic membrane to form unsealed ...
Cytokinin Functions
... Cytokinins have been found in almost all higher plants as well as mosses, fungi, bacteria, Cytokinins are found in actively growing tissues where cell division takes place (root tip, shoot tip, expanding leaf, developing endosperm – e.g. Liquid endosperm of coconut, immature maize endosperm. Today t ...
... Cytokinins have been found in almost all higher plants as well as mosses, fungi, bacteria, Cytokinins are found in actively growing tissues where cell division takes place (root tip, shoot tip, expanding leaf, developing endosperm – e.g. Liquid endosperm of coconut, immature maize endosperm. Today t ...
Lesson Overview
... Chromatid – each strand of a duplicated chromosome Centromere – the area where each pair of chromatids is joined Centrioles – tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells that help organize the spindle ...
... Chromatid – each strand of a duplicated chromosome Centromere – the area where each pair of chromatids is joined Centrioles – tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells that help organize the spindle ...
Control of the Actin Cytoskeleton in Plant Cell Growth
... exhibit several developmental stages where some parts of the cell expand over a large surface area to form complex branching patterns. In tip-growing cells, expansion occurs over a small area of the cell surface, which results in tubular, elongated cells. The eukaryote actin cytoskeleton plays a piv ...
... exhibit several developmental stages where some parts of the cell expand over a large surface area to form complex branching patterns. In tip-growing cells, expansion occurs over a small area of the cell surface, which results in tubular, elongated cells. The eukaryote actin cytoskeleton plays a piv ...
Ch 2-3 notes
... Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter. ...
... Study the definitions of vocabulary words. Reread the chapter, and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations. Review the Understanding Key Concepts at the end of each lesson. Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter. ...
Observations upon the Growing Points in Normal and
... mainly in the areas at the poles and at the junctions of cell wall and crosswall where basophilic granules were observed. These appear to be the same structures which Mudd (1953)showed to possess redox activity, and which he accordingly equated with mitochondria, although the specificity of these re ...
... mainly in the areas at the poles and at the junctions of cell wall and crosswall where basophilic granules were observed. These appear to be the same structures which Mudd (1953)showed to possess redox activity, and which he accordingly equated with mitochondria, although the specificity of these re ...
letters - Cytomorpholab
... and might not reflect the true localization of AtFH5, as potential artifacts may be associated with overexpression of AtFH5–GFP. The endosperm in the Arabidopsis plant seed provides a simple and tractable system for studying cytokinesis within a multinucleate single cell10. Endosperm development inv ...
... and might not reflect the true localization of AtFH5, as potential artifacts may be associated with overexpression of AtFH5–GFP. The endosperm in the Arabidopsis plant seed provides a simple and tractable system for studying cytokinesis within a multinucleate single cell10. Endosperm development inv ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑