10–2 Cell Division
... 2. Compare your drawings. How much longer do you think it would take to get from the cell membrane to the center of the big cell than from the cell membrane to the center of the smaller cell? It would take twice the amount of time. 3. What is the advantage of cells being small? ...
... 2. Compare your drawings. How much longer do you think it would take to get from the cell membrane to the center of the big cell than from the cell membrane to the center of the smaller cell? It would take twice the amount of time. 3. What is the advantage of cells being small? ...
Host Pathogen Interaction at the Plant Cell Wall
... (Lam, 2004). Experiments on several Arabidopsis mutants with spontaneous cell death that mimic pathogen-induced cell death support the idea that hypersensitive cell death may be controlled by plant's own genetic mechanisms (Greenberg, ...
... (Lam, 2004). Experiments on several Arabidopsis mutants with spontaneous cell death that mimic pathogen-induced cell death support the idea that hypersensitive cell death may be controlled by plant's own genetic mechanisms (Greenberg, ...
Kingdom Protista
... – Feed and move using cilia – Reproduce by conjugation – Live in fresh and salt water, can be parasitic. – Common example: paramecium ...
... – Feed and move using cilia – Reproduce by conjugation – Live in fresh and salt water, can be parasitic. – Common example: paramecium ...
Chapter 3 PowerPoint - Hillsborough Community College
... Focus Figure 3.1 Primary active transport is the process in which solutes are moved across cell membranes against electrochemical gradients using energy supplied directly by ATP. The action of the Na+-K+ pump is an important example of primary active transport. ...
... Focus Figure 3.1 Primary active transport is the process in which solutes are moved across cell membranes against electrochemical gradients using energy supplied directly by ATP. The action of the Na+-K+ pump is an important example of primary active transport. ...
2MemTrans
... A. It changes the levels of ions inside the cell and then measures the change in membrane potential. B. It measures the types of ions that flow through single membrane channels. C. It measures the speed at which neurotransmitters are released. D. It sets a voltage across the membrane and measures th ...
... A. It changes the levels of ions inside the cell and then measures the change in membrane potential. B. It measures the types of ions that flow through single membrane channels. C. It measures the speed at which neurotransmitters are released. D. It sets a voltage across the membrane and measures th ...
osmosis - Biofizika
... allows smaller slovent molecules to pass through, but not the larger solute molecules PORE DIAMETER SELECTIVITY animal skin pellicles, walls of living cells, ceramic plate with holes, cellophane ...
... allows smaller slovent molecules to pass through, but not the larger solute molecules PORE DIAMETER SELECTIVITY animal skin pellicles, walls of living cells, ceramic plate with holes, cellophane ...
the diversity of plastid - University of Wisconsin Oshkosh
... enough information to code for about 100 of their approximately 2,500 proteins; all other plastid proteins are coded for by the nuclear genome and imported from the cytoplasm. Plastids divide via fission prior to cytokinesis and are equally apportioned between the two daughter cells, along with the ...
... enough information to code for about 100 of their approximately 2,500 proteins; all other plastid proteins are coded for by the nuclear genome and imported from the cytoplasm. Plastids divide via fission prior to cytokinesis and are equally apportioned between the two daughter cells, along with the ...
Fission yeast Myo51 is a meiotic spindle pole body component with
... chromosomes go through two rounds of chromosome segregation (Hagan and Yanagida, 1992) before the onset of sporulation, when spore walls form around each of the four haploid nuclei in an actindependent process (Petersen et al., 1998b). Myosins are actin-associated motor proteins that have been shown ...
... chromosomes go through two rounds of chromosome segregation (Hagan and Yanagida, 1992) before the onset of sporulation, when spore walls form around each of the four haploid nuclei in an actindependent process (Petersen et al., 1998b). Myosins are actin-associated motor proteins that have been shown ...
1 The Role of Receptor-Like Kinases in
... gene family, as combining the1 with herk1 and/or herk2 mutations, single mutants that are also aphenotypic, resulted in strong effects on cell expansion, including decreased petiole length and shoot growth (Guo et al., 2009a; Guo et al., 2009b) similar to the effects of the fer mutation. The overall ...
... gene family, as combining the1 with herk1 and/or herk2 mutations, single mutants that are also aphenotypic, resulted in strong effects on cell expansion, including decreased petiole length and shoot growth (Guo et al., 2009a; Guo et al., 2009b) similar to the effects of the fer mutation. The overall ...
Arabidopsis VILLIN4 is involved in root hair growth through
... bundles actin filaments in a Ca2+-independent manner, but also severs actin filaments and bundles when Ca2+ is elevated to micromolar levels (Khurana et al., 2010). Loss of function of AtVLN5 sensitizes actin filaments in pollen grains and tubes to latrunculin B, demonstrating that it is a regulator ...
... bundles actin filaments in a Ca2+-independent manner, but also severs actin filaments and bundles when Ca2+ is elevated to micromolar levels (Khurana et al., 2010). Loss of function of AtVLN5 sensitizes actin filaments in pollen grains and tubes to latrunculin B, demonstrating that it is a regulator ...
metabolic regulation
... It is potentially a finer form of regulation because it should: 1 be fast; 2 produce reversible changes (if the effect of whatever interacts with the enzyme is reversible); 3 allow fine tuning of metabolic flow rates, rather than just switching flow on or off (if changes in enzyme activity can be ma ...
... It is potentially a finer form of regulation because it should: 1 be fast; 2 produce reversible changes (if the effect of whatever interacts with the enzyme is reversible); 3 allow fine tuning of metabolic flow rates, rather than just switching flow on or off (if changes in enzyme activity can be ma ...
Host cytoskeleton in respiratory syncytial virus assembly and
... occurs at the apical membrane [35, 36] and preferentially from lipid rafts [37, 38]. Viral budding occurs in a Vps-4, ESCRT pathway independent manner resulting in pleomorphic particles that can be spherical or filamentous [39]. Recent literature suggests that RSV proteins are the main drivers of th ...
... occurs at the apical membrane [35, 36] and preferentially from lipid rafts [37, 38]. Viral budding occurs in a Vps-4, ESCRT pathway independent manner resulting in pleomorphic particles that can be spherical or filamentous [39]. Recent literature suggests that RSV proteins are the main drivers of th ...
Macroscopic stiffening of embryonic tissues via
... context in which they play out (Davidson et al., 2009). One of the more complex aspects of morphogenesis is that proteins such as myosin II contribute to force generation as well as to cell and tissue mechanical properties such as stiffness (Zhou et al., 2009). Microtubules and F-actin are considere ...
... context in which they play out (Davidson et al., 2009). One of the more complex aspects of morphogenesis is that proteins such as myosin II contribute to force generation as well as to cell and tissue mechanical properties such as stiffness (Zhou et al., 2009). Microtubules and F-actin are considere ...
Acanthamoeba polyphaga Intracellular Infection of
... A is as efficient as the wild-type strain in disruption of the LCP. Therefore, L. pneumophila disrupts the phagosomal membrane and becomes cytoplasmic at the last stages of infection in both macrophages and A. polyphaga. Lysosomal elements, mitochondria, cytoplasmic vesicles, and amorphous material ...
... A is as efficient as the wild-type strain in disruption of the LCP. Therefore, L. pneumophila disrupts the phagosomal membrane and becomes cytoplasmic at the last stages of infection in both macrophages and A. polyphaga. Lysosomal elements, mitochondria, cytoplasmic vesicles, and amorphous material ...
Diffusion, Osmosis, and Movement across a Membrane
... same scenario but with different given information. Scenario 1 identifies the water concentration of the solution outside the cell, whereas Scenario 2 identifies the water concentration of the solution inside the cell. 3. If the solution outside a cell has a lower water concentration than the soluti ...
... same scenario but with different given information. Scenario 1 identifies the water concentration of the solution outside the cell, whereas Scenario 2 identifies the water concentration of the solution inside the cell. 3. If the solution outside a cell has a lower water concentration than the soluti ...
Dissection of autophagy in tobacco BY-2 cells
... one of these Atg8s or tobacco Atg8 and a fluorescent protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) or other fluorescent proteins, the emergence and movement of putative autophagosomes have been observed.18-23 Concanamycin A is a specific inhibitor of vacuolar HCATPase, and blocks the acidification ...
... one of these Atg8s or tobacco Atg8 and a fluorescent protein such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) or other fluorescent proteins, the emergence and movement of putative autophagosomes have been observed.18-23 Concanamycin A is a specific inhibitor of vacuolar HCATPase, and blocks the acidification ...
Volume 7, (2002) pp 1137 – 1151 http://www.cmbl.org.pl Received
... The role of arabinogalactan in the transfer of intercellular signals can be also revealed using the Yariv’s reagent, which binds to arabinogalactan proteins [26]. The addition of this synthetic phenylglucoside to the medium blocks somatic embryogenesis, which was shown for example in suspension cult ...
... The role of arabinogalactan in the transfer of intercellular signals can be also revealed using the Yariv’s reagent, which binds to arabinogalactan proteins [26]. The addition of this synthetic phenylglucoside to the medium blocks somatic embryogenesis, which was shown for example in suspension cult ...
Making parallel lines meet
... the orientation in which the cellulose microfibrils form. Given that microfibrils are long and stiff, and synthesized within the confined, essentially two-dimensional space between plasma membrane and extant cell wall, self-assembly probably contributes to the parallel arrangement of microfibrils, d ...
... the orientation in which the cellulose microfibrils form. Given that microfibrils are long and stiff, and synthesized within the confined, essentially two-dimensional space between plasma membrane and extant cell wall, self-assembly probably contributes to the parallel arrangement of microfibrils, d ...
Cell Wall
... Cell Wall • Typical component of plant cell that fixes the size and shape of the mature plant cell. • The kind of cell wall present determines the texture of a tissue. Plant Anatomy 254 Rjaa Abueideh Cell Wall Lec No3 ...
... Cell Wall • Typical component of plant cell that fixes the size and shape of the mature plant cell. • The kind of cell wall present determines the texture of a tissue. Plant Anatomy 254 Rjaa Abueideh Cell Wall Lec No3 ...
division plane control in plants: new players in the band
... depolymerizing drugs causes cell plates to be misoriented, but as there are many potential roles for Factin in division plane orientation, these studies have not definitively established a function for the ADZ. When semi-synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells were treated with actin-depolymerizing drugs at ...
... depolymerizing drugs causes cell plates to be misoriented, but as there are many potential roles for Factin in division plane orientation, these studies have not definitively established a function for the ADZ. When semi-synchronized tobacco BY-2 cells were treated with actin-depolymerizing drugs at ...
Lecture21
... Were once free-living Bacteria. How do we know this? -have their own genomes -genomes are circular -have 16S rRNA genes chloroplast branches in Cyanobacteria - oxygenic photosynthesis mitochondria branches in Proteobacteria near Rickettsia- aerobic respiration -have lipid membranes (often two sets) ...
... Were once free-living Bacteria. How do we know this? -have their own genomes -genomes are circular -have 16S rRNA genes chloroplast branches in Cyanobacteria - oxygenic photosynthesis mitochondria branches in Proteobacteria near Rickettsia- aerobic respiration -have lipid membranes (often two sets) ...
Rapid movement of axonal neurofilaments interrupted by prolonged
... yielded conflicting results. The first study of this kind reported anterograde movement of tubulin in cultured PC12 cells 2, but subsequent studies on tubulin in PC12 cells3, cultured chick sensory neurons4 and developing neurons in grasshopper and zebrafish embryos5,6, as well as studies of tubulin ...
... yielded conflicting results. The first study of this kind reported anterograde movement of tubulin in cultured PC12 cells 2, but subsequent studies on tubulin in PC12 cells3, cultured chick sensory neurons4 and developing neurons in grasshopper and zebrafish embryos5,6, as well as studies of tubulin ...
3. Taxonomy and classification of Algae
... protozoan organism into a food vesicle. Instead of being digested as a source of food, the cyanobacterium lived as an endosymbiont in the protozoan. This event benefited the protozoan because it received some of the photosynthate from the endosymbiotic alga, and it benefited the cyanobacterium becau ...
... protozoan organism into a food vesicle. Instead of being digested as a source of food, the cyanobacterium lived as an endosymbiont in the protozoan. This event benefited the protozoan because it received some of the photosynthate from the endosymbiotic alga, and it benefited the cyanobacterium becau ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑