J153
... reactant transport. With increasing saturation of liquid water in the GDL, it becomes increasingly difficult for the gases to reach the reaction sites [10]. Liquid water in the reactant channels blocks reactant transport in two directions. First, the liquid water reduces the surface area on the GDL ...
... reactant transport. With increasing saturation of liquid water in the GDL, it becomes increasingly difficult for the gases to reach the reaction sites [10]. Liquid water in the reactant channels blocks reactant transport in two directions. First, the liquid water reduces the surface area on the GDL ...
autoradiographic evidence for the rapid disintegration of one
... zygote of Ulva mutabilis is rapidly destroyed. Chloroplasts in an advanced stage of disintegration can be seen only 4 min after copulation. Radioactive labelling of gametes prior to copulation shows that the disintegrating chloroplast is supplied through the + (plus) gamete, while the chloroplast fr ...
... zygote of Ulva mutabilis is rapidly destroyed. Chloroplasts in an advanced stage of disintegration can be seen only 4 min after copulation. Radioactive labelling of gametes prior to copulation shows that the disintegrating chloroplast is supplied through the + (plus) gamete, while the chloroplast fr ...
GYP5 - Genetics
... shown to be a GAP for Ypt1p (DE ANTONI et al. 2002), a Rab GTPase involved in ER to Golgi trafficking (BACON et al. 1989, SEGEV, 1991; for review see LAZAR et al. 1997). Gyl1p is a protein with sequence similarity to Gyp5 and has been shown to colocalize with Gyp5p (CHESNEAU et al. 2004). We show th ...
... shown to be a GAP for Ypt1p (DE ANTONI et al. 2002), a Rab GTPase involved in ER to Golgi trafficking (BACON et al. 1989, SEGEV, 1991; for review see LAZAR et al. 1997). Gyl1p is a protein with sequence similarity to Gyp5 and has been shown to colocalize with Gyp5p (CHESNEAU et al. 2004). We show th ...
Plant Phosphoglycerolipids: The Gatekeepers of Vascular Cell
... phloem and xylem development, with a particular focus on vascular cell differentiation. ...
... phloem and xylem development, with a particular focus on vascular cell differentiation. ...
3 - Dr. Jerry Cronin
... The cell "gulps" a drop of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles. No receptors are used, so the process is nonspecific. Most vesicles are protein-coated. ...
... The cell "gulps" a drop of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles. No receptors are used, so the process is nonspecific. Most vesicles are protein-coated. ...
Cell biology # 2 - Nutley Public Schools
... The cell "gulps" a drop of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles. No receptors are used, so the process is nonspecific. Most vesicles are protein-coated. ...
... The cell "gulps" a drop of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles. No receptors are used, so the process is nonspecific. Most vesicles are protein-coated. ...
Differential actin binding along the PEVK domain of skeletal muscle
... assays, pCa was calculated by the computer program of Fabiato (Fabiato, 1988) and adjusted by adding CaCl2. Actin crosslinking assay The actin filament crosslinking effect of PEVK segments or fragments was measured by visualizing fluorescently labeled actin filaments. PEVK (final concentration 2.5 µ ...
... assays, pCa was calculated by the computer program of Fabiato (Fabiato, 1988) and adjusted by adding CaCl2. Actin crosslinking assay The actin filament crosslinking effect of PEVK segments or fragments was measured by visualizing fluorescently labeled actin filaments. PEVK (final concentration 2.5 µ ...
The Cell Membrane
... with the foreign object and sends pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions) around it. ...
... with the foreign object and sends pseudopodia (cytoplasmic extensions) around it. ...
NuMA assembles into an extensive filamentous structure when
... (Compton et al., 1992). Indeed, we have recently proposed that the localization of NuMA in the nucleus establishes an inherent asymmetry to its distribution which is necessary for its role in directing the microtubules of the developing mitotic spindle toward the chromosomes during assembly of the m ...
... (Compton et al., 1992). Indeed, we have recently proposed that the localization of NuMA in the nucleus establishes an inherent asymmetry to its distribution which is necessary for its role in directing the microtubules of the developing mitotic spindle toward the chromosomes during assembly of the m ...
Galluzzi et al., 2007. Cell Death and Differentition 14:1237-1266
... distinct classes of proteases, like caspases or cathepsins), functional aspects (programmed or accidental, physiological or pathological) or immunological characteristics (immunogenic or non-immunogenic). Thanks to the advancing comprehension of cellular demise, it has become clear that the textbook ...
... distinct classes of proteases, like caspases or cathepsins), functional aspects (programmed or accidental, physiological or pathological) or immunological characteristics (immunogenic or non-immunogenic). Thanks to the advancing comprehension of cellular demise, it has become clear that the textbook ...
Mitochondrion and Chloroplast Regulation of Plant Programmed
... or internal information such as developmental history, cellular damage and metabolic state [3]. Different modes of PCD occur in plant cells; one type is strongly characterised by condensation of the protoplast away from the cell wall. This distinctive morphology has been visualised in cells which ha ...
... or internal information such as developmental history, cellular damage and metabolic state [3]. Different modes of PCD occur in plant cells; one type is strongly characterised by condensation of the protoplast away from the cell wall. This distinctive morphology has been visualised in cells which ha ...
Bell Work: What is the fundamental unit of life?
... diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits The structural role of microfilaments is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell They form a 3-D network called the cortex just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell’s shape Bundles of microfilaments make up ...
... diameter, built as a twisted double chain of actin subunits The structural role of microfilaments is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell They form a 3-D network called the cortex just inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell’s shape Bundles of microfilaments make up ...
Action and Support: The Muscles and Skeleton
... • An action potential in the muscle cell travels into the T tubules – Opens calcium channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing calcium ions to flow into cytosol surrounding the thick and thin filaments – Calcium binds to troponin of the thin filament, resulting in shape change that pulls the t ...
... • An action potential in the muscle cell travels into the T tubules – Opens calcium channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing calcium ions to flow into cytosol surrounding the thick and thin filaments – Calcium binds to troponin of the thin filament, resulting in shape change that pulls the t ...
Exocytosis and cell polarity in plants exocyst and recycling domains
... retrieval, has been documented in plant protoplasts (Weise et al., 2000). Kiss-and-run vesicles might also be refilled with a solute cargo, such as, for example, auxin, in the cytoplasm (Baluška et al., 2005). Different cargos might use the same endosome as early, sorting or recycling, making finite ...
... retrieval, has been documented in plant protoplasts (Weise et al., 2000). Kiss-and-run vesicles might also be refilled with a solute cargo, such as, for example, auxin, in the cytoplasm (Baluška et al., 2005). Different cargos might use the same endosome as early, sorting or recycling, making finite ...
PDF
... normally associated with cell D. Likewise, non-yolk-associated proteins, normally found in higher quantities in cell D than in cell C, appear evenly disbursed between the two cells under conditions which induce this fate change. These results are consistent with the idea that the fates of cells C an ...
... normally associated with cell D. Likewise, non-yolk-associated proteins, normally found in higher quantities in cell D than in cell C, appear evenly disbursed between the two cells under conditions which induce this fate change. These results are consistent with the idea that the fates of cells C an ...
... Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments responsible for the red, purple or blue color of the flowers, seeds, fruits and leaves of plants [1]. Anthocyanins belong to the group of flavonoids and are glycosides of anthocyanidin, i.e. they consist of an anthocyanidin molecule which is joins to a sugar m ...
Characterization of Chloroplast Division Using the Arabidopsis
... As proplastids mature into chloroplasts during normal development they enlarge in size and the amount of thylakoid membrane increases and becomes more aligned. Leaf primordial cells from arc5 are shown in Figure 4b and cells from Landsberg erecta seedlings are shown in Figure 4d. The number of chlor ...
... As proplastids mature into chloroplasts during normal development they enlarge in size and the amount of thylakoid membrane increases and becomes more aligned. Leaf primordial cells from arc5 are shown in Figure 4b and cells from Landsberg erecta seedlings are shown in Figure 4d. The number of chlor ...
The Dictyostelium LvsA Protein is Localized on the Contractile
... cells. To determine whether this GFP-LvsA fusion protein was functional, cells were assessed for their ability to divide in suspension cultures. LvsA mutant cells are not able to grow in these conditions due to their cytokinesis defect (2). All cell lines grew at rates identical to wild-type cells, ...
... cells. To determine whether this GFP-LvsA fusion protein was functional, cells were assessed for their ability to divide in suspension cultures. LvsA mutant cells are not able to grow in these conditions due to their cytokinesis defect (2). All cell lines grew at rates identical to wild-type cells, ...
The functions of the cytoskeleton and associated
... absence of PPBs, e.g., starchy endosperm, meiocytes, and some cultured suspension cells (Otegui and Staehelin, 2000; Chan et al., 2005; Sabelli and Larkins, 2009), pharmacological or genetic disruption of PPBs can cause divisions in aberrant orientations in plant cells that can form PPBs normally (V ...
... absence of PPBs, e.g., starchy endosperm, meiocytes, and some cultured suspension cells (Otegui and Staehelin, 2000; Chan et al., 2005; Sabelli and Larkins, 2009), pharmacological or genetic disruption of PPBs can cause divisions in aberrant orientations in plant cells that can form PPBs normally (V ...
Analysis of actin function and organization by a series of mutant
... cell tips and achieve a constant cylindrical shape (Feierbach et al. 2004; Miller and Johnson 1994). Thus, actin mutants defective in polarized growth could provide useful information specific to this function of actin. In order to analyze the ability of the actin mutants to establish polarized grow ...
... cell tips and achieve a constant cylindrical shape (Feierbach et al. 2004; Miller and Johnson 1994). Thus, actin mutants defective in polarized growth could provide useful information specific to this function of actin. In order to analyze the ability of the actin mutants to establish polarized grow ...
SpoIIQ Anchors Membrane Proteins on Both Sides of
... spore formation localize to defined subcellular positions and this localization is critical for their activity. Upon the initiation of sporulation, the developing cell (called the sporangium) divides into two compartments of unequal size and dissimilar fates. The smaller compartment (the forespore) ...
... spore formation localize to defined subcellular positions and this localization is critical for their activity. Upon the initiation of sporulation, the developing cell (called the sporangium) divides into two compartments of unequal size and dissimilar fates. The smaller compartment (the forespore) ...
From signal to form: aspects of the cytoskeleton
... In full-grown hairs there is a completely different type of cytoplasmic streaming compared to growing hairs. The flow does not reverse before it reaches the hair tip as in growing cells, but flows through the apical hemisphere in a thin layer of cytoplasm between the large central vacuole and the pl ...
... In full-grown hairs there is a completely different type of cytoplasmic streaming compared to growing hairs. The flow does not reverse before it reaches the hair tip as in growing cells, but flows through the apical hemisphere in a thin layer of cytoplasm between the large central vacuole and the pl ...
Dynamin as a mover and pincher during cell migration and invasion
... length of the comet tails. This suggests a direct structurefunction relationship with the actin filament network, implicating dynamin in the regulation of actin polymerization. At the same time, an in vitro study by Schafer and colleagues (Schafer et al., 2002) provides insights into the actin-nucle ...
... length of the comet tails. This suggests a direct structurefunction relationship with the actin filament network, implicating dynamin in the regulation of actin polymerization. At the same time, an in vitro study by Schafer and colleagues (Schafer et al., 2002) provides insights into the actin-nucle ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑