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DNA and DNA replication 1. What is the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleic acid? Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotide subunits 2. What are the three components of nucleotides? Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base (A,T,C,G) 3. What is the difference between the 5’ end of nucleic acids and the 3’ end? Draw a diagram to show this. See nucleic acid note 4. When new DNA or RNA is synthesized, in which direction does it grow? 5’ -> 3’ because polymerases can only add nucleotides onto the 3’ end 5. What are two different kinds of bonds that hold nucleic acids together? Hydrogen bonds (between nitrogenous bases) and phosphodiester bonds (between nucleotide backbones) 6. Write the complementary DNA strand: 5’- A A T G G C T -3’ 3’- U U A C C G A -5' 7. What is the difference between purines and pyrimidines? Purines have 2 rings, pyrimidines have 1 ring 8. Draw the structure of a double stranded DNA molecule with 3 basepairs See nucleic acid note DNA replication 9. Name and describe the three possible models of DNA replication. Conservative, semi conservative, dispersive 10. Describe the Meselson-Stahl experiment and its results See DNA replication I note 11. Differentiate between a leading strand and a lagging strand Leading strand is made continuously, lagging strand is made in small segments called okazaki fragments behind the leading strand 12. What are Okazaki fragments? See above 13. Describe the roles of the following enzymes/proteins in DNA replication: a. DNA helicase – unwinds DNA b. DNA gyrase – Relieves tension due to unwinding of DNA c. DNA polymerase – adds DNA nucleotides to form new DNA molecule, also replaces RNA primers with DNA d. Single-stranded binding proteins – stabilizes DNA molecule e. DNA ligase – joins DNA fragments together f. RNA primase – creates RNA primer 14. Why is it beneficial to have multiple replication bubbles at the same time? Faster replication Protein Synthesis 15. What is the central dogma of molecular biology? What is transcription? Translation? DNA is transcribed into mRNA. mRNA takes the DNA information to ribosomes to be translated into proteins 16. How does RNA differ from DNA? Name 3 ways. RNA is smaller, single stranded, uses ribose, uses uracil 17. Describe what happens in initiation, elongation, and termination of: 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. a. transcription b. translation see notes on translation and transcription What can be found in the promoter region of DNA? TATA box: where transcription factors bind, so RNA polymerase can bind What post-transcriptional modifications occur to an mRNA before it leaves the nucleus? 5’ cap, 3’ poly-A tail, RNA splicing What are the three kinds of RNA, and what are their purposes? mRNA: carries DNA code to be translated into proteins rRNA: makes up a part of ribosomes tRNA: carries amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis What is aminoacl tRNA synthetase? An enzyme that links tRNAs to their corresponding amino acids What is a stop codon? RNA segment that signals the end of translation When talking about the DNA code, what does the wobble feature mean? Several different codons can code for the same amino acid How is translation different in prokaryotes compared to eukaryotes? Prokaryotes: transcription+translation happen at the same time; ribosomes are different; RNA polymerase is different If a DNA template strand reads like this: 5’-ATGATTTCGGGACGA-3’ a. What would the coding strand look like? 3’-TACTAAAGCCCTGCT-3’ b. What would the complementary mRNA strand look like? 3’-UACUAAAGCCCUGCU-3’ c. What amino acid sequence would it produce? Tyr-STOP An RNA strand has 4 exons and 3 introns. How many different ways are there to splice this RNA strand? 4 ways