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JS 1. Which of the following set of conditions is correct for a human neuron? a. 10x greater Na+ outside, 20x greater K+ inside; -70 mV potential difference b. 10x greater K+ outside, 20x greater Na+ inside; -70 mV potential difference c. 20x greater Na+ outside, 10x greater K+ inside; -70 mV potential difference d. 20x greater K+ outside, 20x greater Na+ inside; -70 mV potential difference e. 10x greater Na+ outside, 20x greater K+ inside; -55 mV potential difference JS 2. Early researcher Santiago Ramon y Cajal is considered one of the most important neuroscientists ever for which of these contributions to the field? a. Developing the method for production of sharp, strong electrodes for accurate measurement of neuronal potentials. b. Creating a theory of mind that helped scientists understand the way the human mind could process abstract thought about other individuals. c. Discovering and labeling areas of the brain defined by their different anatomical characteristics using a variety of stains. d. Measuring the voltage difference across neuron cell membranes as -70mV. e. Researching and proposing the neuron as the fundamental unit of the brain, and implicating their connectivity, specificity and synaptic connections as crucial to function. JS 3. Which of the following describes the correct order of events during an action potential immediately after threshold potential is reached? a. Voltage-gated Na+ channels close; Voltage-gated K+ channels close, Na+/K+ pump restores resting potential. b. Voltage-gated K+ channels open; Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+/K+ pump restores resting potential c. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open; Voltage-gated K+ channels close, Na+/K+ pump restores resting potential d. Voltage-gated Na+ channels close; Voltage-gated K+ channels open, Na+/K+ pump restores resting potential e. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open; Voltage-gated K+ channels open, Na+/K+ pump restores resting potential. JS 4. Which of the following correctly describes the chemical and electrical gradient directions for each ion? a. Na+: chemical in, electrical in; K+: chemical out, electrical in; Cl-: chemical in, electrical out b. Na+: chemical out, electrical in; K+: chemical in, electrical in; Cl-: chemical out, electrical out c. Na+: chemical out, electrical out; K+: chemical in, electrical in; Cl-: chemical out, electrical out d. Na+: chemical in, electrical out; K+: chemical in, electrical out; Cl-: chemical out, electrical in e. Na+: chemical out, electrical in; K+: chemical out, electrical out; Cl-: chemical in, electrical in JS 5. True or False: Ligand-gated channel proteins are activated by ions such as Na+ and Cl-. a. True b. False WC 1. If two electrodes are both placed just outside the membrane of a resting neuron, what will be the potential difference will be measured? a. 0 b. -70 mV c. +70 mV d. -65 mV e. +50 mV WC 2. Action potentials begin by the a. Opening of sodium channels b. Closing of chloride channels c. Closing of potassium channels d. Opening of potassium channels e. Closing of calcium channels WC 3. The sodium-potassium pumps a. Initiate the action potentials. b. Speed up postsynaptic potentials. c. Retrieve neurotransmitters after they are expelled by receptors. d. Contribute to the unequal distribution on either side of the resting membrane. e. All of the above WC 4. At rest, a neuron has a higher concentration of _______ ions just _____the neuron than just _____the neuron. a. Chloride; inside; outside b. Sodium; outside; inside c. Potassium; outside; inside d. Protein; outside; inside e. Calcium; outside; inside WC 5. What causes the absolute refractory period? a. The inactivation of the sodium ion channels. b. The inactivation of the potassium ion channels. c. The inactivation of the voltage-gated potassium channels. d. The opening of the potassium ion channels. e. The opening of the sodium ion channels. DM1. a. b. c. d. e. Which of the following is the basic unit of the nervous system? The Neuron The Brain The Synapse The Axon The Neural receptor DM 2. What are the two forces that allow for action potentials to occur? a. Concentration gradient and electrostatic pressure b. Concentration gradient and driving force c. Driving force and electrostatic pressure d. Normal force and electrostatic pressure e. Normal force and concentration gradient DM 3. Which of the following is not a central principle of neuroscientific study described by Boyle? a. neuron b. synapse c. connections d. electric potential e. polarization DM 4. Which component of the cell integrates all inputs to it decides whether or not the cell will communicate? a. Cell body b. Synapses c. Axon d. Nucleus e. Terminal button DM 5. How many sodium and potassium ions are pumped across the membrane by the sodium potassium pump described in class, and in what direction? a. Three sodium out, two potassium in b. Three sodium in, two potassium out c. Two sodium in, three potassium out d. Two sodium out, three potassium in e. Depends on the individual sodium-potassium pump SD1: According to Dr. Boyle who laid the foundation of modern neuroanatomy by making inferences on the function of neurons based on structure? a. Paul Broca b. Santiago Ramon y Cajal c. Camillio Golgi SD2: What are the three functional units of the neuron listed in the order of the direction of most common electoral flow? a. Cell Body (Soma), Axon, Dendrites b. Synapse, Action Potential, Cell Body (Soma) c. Dendrites, Cell Body (Soma), Axon d. Axon, Cell Body (Soma), Dendrites SD3: True / False: Dynamic polarization is the theory that there is only one direction of information flow between neurons. a. True b. False SD4: What tool do scientists use to measure the membrane potential? a. Voltmeter b. Thermometer c. Battery d. Microscope SD5: Which ion has the greatest concentration inside the cell? a. Sodium b. Chloride c. Potassium d. Magnesium BT1. Which of the following is NOT part of a neuron? a. Axon b. Terminal button c. Soma d. Synapse e. Post-synaptic dendrite BT2. Which of the following is INCORRECT about the membrane potential? a. The resting membrane for most neurons is approximately -70 mV. b. The extracellular membrane has a higher concentration of sodium compared with the intercellular space. c. The extracellular membrane has a higher concentration of potassium compared with the intercellular space. d. The membrane potential must pass a certain threshold in order to fire an action potential. e. The voltage gated sodium channel opens when the potential surpasses the firing threshold. BT3. Synapses and communication between neurons only occurs electrically. a. True b. False BT4. According to the theory of dynamic polarization, the firing of an action potential usually propagates down the axon in one direction; however, it has been shown that there may be local areas of bidirectional movement. a. True b. False BT5. Which of the following is INCORRECT about saltatory conduction? a. The axon allows the long-distance firing of action potentials via myelin sheaths. b. Nodes of Ranvier are gaps between myelin sheaths where the action potential may regenerate. c. Myelin sheaths both protect the axon and allows for electrical insulation. d. Saltatory conduction is the leaping of the action potential via myelin sheaths to increase productivity and conduction velocity. e. All are true. LS 1. Santiago Ramon y Cajal is famous for which of the following: a. Psychoanalysis b. Discovering that babies understand language c. Discovering Broca’s area d. Describing organization and function of neurons the cortex using golgi staining e. His extensive work in muscle movement LS 2. Santiago Ramon y Cajal’s four principles of neural organization include each of the following except: a. Neuron b. Bidirectional communication c. Synapse d. Polarization e. Connections LS 3. Generally speaking, the input from one neuron to another comes into that neuron’s: a. Receptive area or dendrites b. Cell body c. Axon d. Terminal boutons e. Nucleus LS 4. Which of the following areas integrates neural signals and “makes a decision” of whether or not to send its information down the axon? a. Synapse b. Cell body c. Dendrites d. Axon e. Terminal boutons LS 5. Which of the following is not a part of the chemical synapse? a. Presynaptic area b. Synaptic cleft c. Receptive area d. Postsynaptic area e. Cell body