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JS 1. Which of the following set of conditions is correct for a human neuron?
a. 10x greater Na+ outside, 20x greater K+ inside; -70 mV potential difference
b. 10x greater K+ outside, 20x greater Na+ inside; -70 mV potential difference
c. 20x greater Na+ outside, 10x greater K+ inside; -70 mV potential difference
d. 20x greater K+ outside, 20x greater Na+ inside; -70 mV potential difference
e. 10x greater Na+ outside, 20x greater K+ inside; -55 mV potential difference
JS 2. Early researcher Santiago Ramon y Cajal is considered one of the most
important neuroscientists ever for which of these contributions to the field?
a. Developing the method for production of sharp, strong electrodes for
accurate measurement of neuronal potentials.
b. Creating a theory of mind that helped scientists understand the way the
human mind could process abstract thought about other individuals.
c. Discovering and labeling areas of the brain defined by their different
anatomical characteristics using a variety of stains.
d. Measuring the voltage difference across neuron cell membranes as -70mV.
e. Researching and proposing the neuron as the fundamental unit of the brain,
and implicating their connectivity, specificity and synaptic connections as crucial
to function.
JS 3. Which of the following describes the correct order of events during an action
potential immediately after threshold potential is reached?
a. Voltage-gated Na+ channels close; Voltage-gated K+ channels close, Na+/K+
pump restores resting potential.
b. Voltage-gated K+ channels open; Voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+/K+
pump restores resting potential
c. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open; Voltage-gated K+ channels close, Na+/K+
pump restores resting potential
d. Voltage-gated Na+ channels close; Voltage-gated K+ channels open, Na+/K+
pump restores resting potential
e. Voltage-gated Na+ channels open; Voltage-gated K+ channels open, Na+/K+
pump restores resting potential.
JS 4. Which of the following correctly describes the chemical and electrical gradient
directions for each ion?
a. Na+: chemical in, electrical in; K+: chemical out, electrical in; Cl-: chemical in,
electrical out
b. Na+: chemical out, electrical in; K+: chemical in, electrical in; Cl-: chemical
out, electrical out
c. Na+: chemical out, electrical out; K+: chemical in, electrical in; Cl-: chemical
out, electrical out
d. Na+: chemical in, electrical out; K+: chemical in, electrical out; Cl-: chemical
out, electrical in
e. Na+: chemical out, electrical in; K+: chemical out, electrical out; Cl-: chemical
in, electrical in
JS 5. True or False: Ligand-gated channel proteins are activated by ions such as Na+
and Cl-.
a. True
b. False
WC 1. If two electrodes are both placed just outside the membrane of a resting
neuron, what will be the potential difference will be measured?
a. 0
b. -70 mV
c. +70 mV
d. -65 mV
e. +50 mV
WC 2. Action potentials begin by the
a. Opening of sodium channels
b. Closing of chloride channels
c. Closing of potassium channels
d. Opening of potassium channels
e. Closing of calcium channels
WC 3. The sodium-potassium pumps
a. Initiate the action potentials.
b. Speed up postsynaptic potentials.
c. Retrieve neurotransmitters after they are expelled by receptors.
d. Contribute to the unequal distribution on either side of the resting
membrane.
e. All of the above
WC 4. At rest, a neuron has a higher concentration of _______ ions just _____the
neuron than just _____the neuron.
a. Chloride; inside; outside
b. Sodium; outside; inside
c. Potassium; outside; inside
d. Protein; outside; inside
e. Calcium; outside; inside
WC 5. What causes the absolute refractory period?
a. The inactivation of the sodium ion channels.
b. The inactivation of the potassium ion channels.
c. The inactivation of the voltage-gated potassium channels.
d. The opening of the potassium ion channels.
e. The opening of the sodium ion channels.
DM1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Which of the following is the basic unit of the nervous system?
The Neuron
The Brain
The Synapse
The Axon
The Neural receptor
DM 2. What are the two forces that allow for action potentials to occur?
a. Concentration gradient and electrostatic pressure
b. Concentration gradient and driving force
c. Driving force and electrostatic pressure
d. Normal force and electrostatic pressure
e. Normal force and concentration gradient
DM 3. Which of the following is not a central principle of neuroscientific study
described by Boyle?
a. neuron
b. synapse
c. connections
d. electric potential
e. polarization
DM 4. Which component of the cell integrates all inputs to it decides whether or not
the cell will communicate?
a. Cell body
b. Synapses
c. Axon
d. Nucleus
e. Terminal button
DM 5. How many sodium and potassium ions are pumped across the membrane by
the sodium potassium pump described in class, and in what direction?
a. Three sodium out, two potassium in
b. Three sodium in, two potassium out
c. Two sodium in, three potassium out
d. Two sodium out, three potassium in
e. Depends on the individual sodium-potassium pump
SD1: According to Dr. Boyle who laid the foundation of modern neuroanatomy by
making inferences on the function of neurons based on structure?
a. Paul Broca
b. Santiago Ramon y Cajal
c. Camillio Golgi
SD2: What are the three functional units of the neuron listed in the order of the
direction of most common electoral flow?
a. Cell Body (Soma), Axon, Dendrites
b. Synapse, Action Potential, Cell Body (Soma)
c. Dendrites, Cell Body (Soma), Axon
d. Axon, Cell Body (Soma), Dendrites
SD3: True / False: Dynamic polarization is the theory that there is only one direction
of information flow between neurons.
a. True
b. False
SD4: What tool do scientists use to measure the membrane potential?
a. Voltmeter
b. Thermometer
c. Battery
d. Microscope
SD5: Which ion has the greatest concentration inside the cell?
a. Sodium
b. Chloride
c. Potassium
d. Magnesium
BT1. Which of the following is NOT part of a neuron?
a. Axon
b. Terminal button
c. Soma
d. Synapse
e. Post-synaptic dendrite
BT2. Which of the following is INCORRECT about the membrane potential?
a. The resting membrane for most neurons is approximately -70 mV.
b. The extracellular membrane has a higher concentration of sodium compared
with the intercellular space.
c. The extracellular membrane has a higher concentration of potassium
compared with the intercellular space.
d. The membrane potential must pass a certain threshold in order to fire an
action potential.
e. The voltage gated sodium channel opens when the potential surpasses the
firing threshold.
BT3. Synapses and communication between neurons only occurs electrically.
a. True
b. False
BT4. According to the theory of dynamic polarization, the firing of an action
potential usually propagates down the axon in one direction; however, it has been
shown that there may be local areas of bidirectional movement.
a. True
b. False
BT5. Which of the following is INCORRECT about saltatory conduction?
a. The axon allows the long-distance firing of action potentials via myelin
sheaths.
b. Nodes of Ranvier are gaps between myelin sheaths where the action
potential may regenerate.
c. Myelin sheaths both protect the axon and allows for electrical insulation.
d. Saltatory conduction is the leaping of the action potential via myelin sheaths
to increase productivity and conduction velocity.
e. All are true.
LS 1. Santiago Ramon y Cajal is famous for which of the following:
a. Psychoanalysis
b. Discovering that babies understand language
c. Discovering Broca’s area
d. Describing organization and function of neurons the cortex using golgi
staining
e. His extensive work in muscle movement
LS 2. Santiago Ramon y Cajal’s four principles of neural organization include each of
the following except:
a. Neuron
b. Bidirectional communication
c. Synapse
d. Polarization
e. Connections
LS 3. Generally speaking, the input from one neuron to another comes into that
neuron’s:
a. Receptive area or dendrites
b. Cell body
c. Axon
d. Terminal boutons
e. Nucleus
LS 4. Which of the following areas integrates neural signals and “makes a decision”
of whether or not to send its information down the axon?
a. Synapse
b. Cell body
c. Dendrites
d. Axon
e. Terminal boutons
LS 5. Which of the following is not a part of the chemical synapse?
a. Presynaptic area
b. Synaptic cleft
c. Receptive area
d. Postsynaptic area
e. Cell body