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• Certain local anesthetics decrease
membrane permeability to sodium ions
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• generic phrase denoting functional
disturbances and/or pathological changes
in the peripheral nervous system
• in excess of one hundred different causes
of peripheral neuropathy (diabetes,
medication, infections, autoimmune)
• Symptoms include tingling, pain or
numbness especially in the extremities
and muscle weakness
• Affects about 1% of population
• Short, recurrent, periodic attacks of motor,
sensory, or psychological malfunction
• Attacks celled seizures
• Initiated by abnormal, synchronous
electrical discharges from brain
• Many causes (brain damage, toxins,
metabolic disturbances)
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• Damaged by compression (tumor,
herniated disc, blood clots, penetrating
wounds, traumatic events)
• Can lead to paralysis
– Monoplegia- one extremity
– Paraplegia- both lower extremities
– Quadriplegia- both upper and lower
extremities
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• Shingles- infection of peripheral nervous
system by herpes zoster virus
– Pain, skin discoloration, line of skin
blisters
• Poliomyelitis- poliovirus attacks neuron cell
bodies
– Fever, headaches, stiff neck and back,
pain and weakness
– Can cause paralysis
• Infection and swelling
of the meninges
(membrane that
surrounds brain and
spinal cord)
• Can be viral or
bacterial
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• Congenital defect of vertebral column in
which spinal cord protrudes through
unfused vertebrae
• Can produce paralysis
• Can be tested prenatally
• Afflicts about 11% of population over 65
• Deterioration of mind
– Loss of neurons in specific regions
– Abnormal plaque deposits
– Tangled protein filaments in neurons
• Diagnosis difficult
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• Progressive disorder of CNS
• Usually seen around age 60
• Changes in substantia nigra and basal
ganglia
• Too little dopamine produced
(neurotransmitter)
• Too much acetylcholine produced
• Progressive destruction of myelin sheaths
of neurons in CNS
• Form scleroses (hardened scars or
plaques)
• Slows conduction
• Average onset age 33
• Progressive loss of function interspersed
with remission periods
• Devastating,
degenerative brain
disorder for which
there is, at present,
no effective
treatment or cure
• Genetic- autosomal
dominant (50%
chance to pass to
children)
• neurological disorder
characterized by tics -involuntary, rapid,
• Abnormal
sudden movements or
metabolism of
vocalizations that
neurotransmitters
occur repeatedly in the
dopamine and
same way
serotonin are
• Onset before the age
involved
of 18
• Genetically
transmitted
• Girls have a 70%
chance of displaying
symptoms, boys with
the gene have a 99%
chance of displaying
symptoms.
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• Progressive
neurodegenerative
disease that attacks
nerve cells in brain
and spinal cord
• As neurons die, body
functions lost
(paralysis)
• Brain usually stays
intact
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