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Functional Neuroanatomy and Applications IGERT Bootcamp September 2006 Outline 1. Introduction 2. Visual processing 3. Memory and plasticity 4. Motor systems First writings of the brain. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (circa 3000 BC) Neuron Doctrine QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncomp resse d) de com press or are nee ded to s ee this picture. Ramon y Cajal QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. A Course Map of the Brain. definitions: sulcus vs. gyrus central sulcus A majority of the cortex is devoted to vision. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991) Cortex is divided into 6 layers. “gray matter” 2 - 6 mm thick QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. webvision.med.utah.edu Outline 1. Introduction 2. Visual processing 3. Memory and plasticity 4. Motor systems The early visual pathway “flips” sides. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology The retina is the beginning of the visual processing. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Kolb (2003) A cross-section of the canonical retinal circuit. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Kolb (2003) Spectral sensitivity of each photoreceptor type. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology The basis of a receptive field. light stimulus QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology But, it’s more complicated … QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Kolb (2003) Optic nerve primarily projects to the thalamus. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Primary visual cortex is the target of the thalamus. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Eye-specific layers project to segregated regions. ocular dominance columns QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. webvision.med.utah.edu Retinotopic map in primary visual cortex QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Tootell et al (1982) Cortical magnification distorts representation. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. webvision.med.utah.edu Neurons in primary visual cortex are tuned to orientation. response stimulus OFF stimulus ON tuning curve stimulus OFF Firing rate (Hz) stimulus orientation of bar Adapted from Hubel & Wiesel (19xx) The orientation preference of neurons form a topology on visual cortex. • color represents orientation of tuning curve peak Ohki et al (2006) Radial columns are the basic sub-units of the cortex. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Visual circuitry beyond the primary visual cortex. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991) Two streams of visual information 1. “motion/space” processing QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 2. “form/shape” processing Neurons in the medial temporal (MT) are tuned to motion. medial temporal (MT) cortex QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Albright (1984) Motion direction is topologically organized in MT cortex. Albright et al (1984) Two streams of visual information 1. “motion/space” processing QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. 2. “form/shape” processing Face-selective cells exist in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex. Desimone et al (1984) The inferior temporal (IT) cortex projects to the hippocampus. Does the “Bill Clinton” cell exist in the hippocampus? Kreiman et al (2000) Object-selective cells do exist in the hippocampus. Kreiman et al (2000) Outline 1. Introduction 2. Visual processing 3. Memory and plasticity 4. Motor systems The hippocampus receives input from all sensory modalities. The basic circuitry of the hippocampus. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncomp resse d) de com press or are nee ded to s ee this picture. Ramon y Cajal QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. The basic circuitry of the hippocampus. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology Neurons in the hippocampus have non-visual receptive fields. Robert Muller http://www.bris.ac.uk/depts/Synaptic/research/projects/memory/spatialmem.htm Can we “read the mind” of a rat? Emery Brown http://neurostat.mgh.harvard.edu Can we “read the mind” of a human? QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. www.cyberkinetics.com Outline 1. Introduction 2. Visual processing 3. Memory and plasticity 4. Motor systems Motor and decision areas in cortex. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. www.brainconnection.com The primary motor cortex contains a homunculus of body parts. The Brain from Top to Bottom http://www.thebrain.mcgill.ca A monkey feeds itself with a robot controlled with neural signals. A. Schwartz University of Pittsburgh Where do motor areas end and decision-making begin? Primary motor cortex (M1) Posterior parietal cortex Supplementary motor cortex (SMA) Premotor cortex (PMA) Designing a neural prosthetic for humans. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. Richard Andersen http://vis.caltech.edu Actually, neural prosthetics already exist. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture. www.cyberkinetics.com Review 1. Historical perspective • 2. Imhotep Visual processing • 3. Organization of visual cortex Memory and plasticity • 4. Hippocampus and Place Cells Motor systems • Neural Prosthestics Resources 1. A few good classes. Neuroscience 200A - Cellular Neuroscience Neuroscience 200B - Systems Neuroscience Neuroscience 200C - Cognitive Neuroscience 2. A few good books. Kandel, Schwartz and Jessel (2000) Principles of Neural Science. Squire et al (2003) Fundamental Neuroscience 3. A few good websites. “Webvision” http://webvision.med.utah.edu “Neuroscience for Kids” http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html Ventricular system provides cerebrospinal fluid to the brain. QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.