Download ppt - UCSD Cognitive Science

Functional Neuroanatomy
and Applications
IGERT Bootcamp
September 2006
Outline
1.
Introduction
2.
Visual processing
3.
Memory and plasticity
4.
Motor systems
First writings of the brain.
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Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus (circa 3000 BC)
Neuron Doctrine
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Ramon y Cajal
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A Course Map of the Brain.
definitions: sulcus vs.
gyrus
central sulcus
A majority of the cortex is devoted to vision.
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Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991)
Cortex is divided into 6 layers.
“gray matter”
2 - 6 mm
thick
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webvision.med.utah.edu
Outline
1.
Introduction
2.
Visual processing
3.
Memory and plasticity
4.
Motor systems
The early visual pathway “flips” sides.
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
The retina is the beginning of the visual processing.
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Kolb (2003)
A cross-section of the canonical retinal circuit.
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Kolb (2003)
Spectral sensitivity of each photoreceptor type.
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
The basis of a receptive field.
light
stimulus
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
But, it’s more complicated …
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Kolb (2003)
Optic nerve primarily projects to the thalamus.
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Primary visual cortex is the target of the thalamus.
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Eye-specific layers project to segregated regions.
ocular dominance columns
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webvision.med.utah.edu
Retinotopic map in primary visual cortex
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Tootell et al (1982)
Cortical magnification distorts representation.
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webvision.med.utah.edu
Neurons in primary visual cortex are tuned to
orientation.
response
stimulus
OFF
stimulus
ON
tuning curve
stimulus
OFF
Firing rate (Hz)
stimulus
orientation of bar
Adapted from Hubel & Wiesel (19xx)
The orientation preference of neurons form a topology on visual cortex.
• color represents orientation of tuning curve peak
Ohki et al (2006)
Radial columns are the basic sub-units of the
cortex.
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Visual circuitry beyond the primary visual cortex.
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Adapted from Felleman & Van Essen (1991)
Two streams of visual information
1. “motion/space” processing
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2. “form/shape” processing
Neurons in the medial temporal (MT) are tuned to motion.
medial temporal (MT) cortex
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Albright (1984)
Motion direction is topologically organized in MT cortex.
Albright et al (1984)
Two streams of visual information
1. “motion/space” processing
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2. “form/shape” processing
Face-selective cells exist in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex.
Desimone et al (1984)
The inferior temporal (IT) cortex projects to the
hippocampus.
Does the “Bill Clinton” cell exist in the hippocampus?
Kreiman et al (2000)
Object-selective cells do exist in the hippocampus.
Kreiman et al (2000)
Outline
1.
Introduction
2.
Visual processing
3.
Memory and plasticity
4.
Motor systems
The hippocampus receives input from all sensory modalities.
The basic circuitry of the hippocampus.
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Ramon y Cajal
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The basic circuitry of the hippocampus.
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus.
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Synaptic plasticity exists in the hippocampus.
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Carlson N (2004) Foundations of Physiological Psychology
Neurons in the hippocampus have non-visual receptive fields.
Robert Muller
http://www.bris.ac.uk/depts/Synaptic/research/projects/memory/spatialmem.htm
Can we “read the mind” of a rat?
Emery Brown
http://neurostat.mgh.harvard.edu
Can we “read the mind” of a human?
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www.cyberkinetics.com
Outline
1.
Introduction
2.
Visual processing
3.
Memory and plasticity
4.
Motor systems
Motor and decision areas in cortex.
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www.brainconnection.com
The primary motor cortex contains a homunculus of body parts.
The Brain from Top to Bottom
http://www.thebrain.mcgill.ca
A monkey feeds itself with a robot controlled with neural signals.
A. Schwartz
University of Pittsburgh
Where do motor areas end and decision-making begin?
Primary motor cortex (M1)
Posterior parietal cortex
Supplementary
motor cortex
(SMA)
Premotor cortex
(PMA)
Designing a neural prosthetic for humans.
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Richard Andersen
http://vis.caltech.edu
Actually, neural prosthetics already exist.
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www.cyberkinetics.com
Review
1.
Historical perspective
•
2.
Imhotep
Visual processing
•
3.
Organization of visual cortex
Memory and plasticity
•
4.
Hippocampus and Place Cells
Motor systems
•
Neural Prosthestics
Resources
1.
A few good classes.
Neuroscience 200A - Cellular Neuroscience
Neuroscience 200B - Systems Neuroscience
Neuroscience 200C - Cognitive Neuroscience
2.
A few good books.
Kandel, Schwartz and Jessel (2000) Principles of Neural Science.
Squire et al (2003) Fundamental Neuroscience
3.
A few good websites.
“Webvision” http://webvision.med.utah.edu
“Neuroscience for Kids” http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html
Ventricular system provides cerebrospinal fluid to the brain.
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