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Essentials of Understanding Psychology 9th Edition By Robert Feldman 1 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Behavior 2 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) MODULE 5: Neurons: The Basic Elements of Behavior • Why do psychologists study the brain and nervous system? • What are the basic elements of the nervous system? • How does the nervous system communicate electrical and chemical messages from one part to another? 3 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Structure of the Neuron • Neurons (Nerve cells) – Basic elements of the nervous system – As many as 1 trillion • glial cells 4 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Structure of the Neuron • Dendrites – Clusters of fibers that receive messages from other neurons • Axon – Carries messages received by the dendrites to other neurons 5 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Structure of the Neuron • Terminal buttons – Sends messages to other neurons – Impulses • Myelin sheath – Protective coating of fat and protein that wraps around the axon like links of sausage 6 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) How Neurons Fire • Transmit an electrical impulse along the axon – – – – All-or-none law Resting state Action potential Mirror neurons 7 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the Gap • Synapse – Space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron by using chemical messages 8 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) Where Neurons Meet: Bridging the Gap • Neurotransmitters – Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a dendrite of a receiving neuron • Excitatory messages – Increase likelihood that neuron will fire • Inhibitory messages – Decrease likelihood that neuron will fire • Reuptake – Reabsorption by the terminal button » SSRIs BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) 9 Neurotransmitters: Multitalented Chemical Couriers • • • • • • Acetylcholine (ACh) Glutamate Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) Dopamine (DA) Serotonin Endorphins 10 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) MODULE 6: The Nervous System & the Endocrine System • Communicating Within the Body – How are the structures of the nervous system linked together? – How does the endocrine system affect behavior? 11 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Nervous System: Linking Neurons • Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems – Central nervous system • Spinal cord – Reflex » Sensory (afferent) neurons » Motor (efferent) neurons » Interneurons 12 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Nervous System: Linking Neurons • Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems – Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic division – Voluntary movements • Autonomic division – Controls organs that function automatically 13 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) Activating the Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System • Sympathetic Division – Acts to prepare the body for action in stressful situations by engaging all of the organism’s resources to run away or confront the threat • “Fight or flight” • Parasympathetic Division – Calms the body after emergency ends 14 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) 15 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Evolutionary Foundations of the Nervous System • Evolutionary Psychology – Branch of psychology that seeks to identify how behavior is influenced and produced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors 16 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Evolutionary Foundations of the Nervous System • Behavioral Genetics – Studies the effects of heredity on behavior • Molecular genetics and psychological disorders – Genetic markers • Behavioral genetics, gene therapy, and genetic counseling 17 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Endocrine System: Chemicals and Glands • Chemical communication network that sends messages throughout the body via the bloodstream – Hormones – Pituitary gland • “Master gland” 18 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) MODULE 7: The Brain • How do researchers identify the major parts and functions of the brain? • What are the major parts of the brain, and for what behaviors is each part responsible? 19 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) MODULE 7: The Brain • How do the two halves of the brain operate interdependently? • How can an understanding of the nervous system help us find ways to alleviate disease and pain? 20 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) Studying the Brain’s Structure and Functions • Spying on the Brain – – – – Electroencephalogram (EEG) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) 21 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) 22 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Central Core: Our “Old Brain” • Central Core – Hindbrain • Medulla – Breathing and heartbeat • Pons – Transmitter of motor information • Cerebellum – Balance 23 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Central Core: Our “Old Brain” • Central Core – Reticular formation • Passes through the midbrain and into the forebrain • Activates other parts of the brain to produce bodily arousal 24 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Central Core: Our “Old Brain” • Central Core – Thalamus • Relay station for information about the senses – Hypothalamus • Homeostasis 25 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Central Core: Our “Old Brain” • The Limbic System: Beyond the Central Core – Amygdala – Hippocampus 26 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain” • Cerebral Cortex – Gives the ability to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments • Lobes – – – – Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital 27 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain” • The Motor Area of the Cortex – Largely responsible for the body’s voluntary movement • The Sensory Area of the Cortex – Corresponds to body sensations • Somatosensory area – Touch – Pressure 28 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Cerebral Cortex: Our “New Brain” • The Association Areas of the Cortex – Executive functions • Higher mental processes such as planning, goal setting, judgment, and impulse control – Phineas Gage – Aphasia » Broca’s aphasia » Wernicke’s aphasia 29 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) Neuroplasticity and the Brain • Neuroplasticity – The brain continually reorganizing itself • Neurogenesis – New neurons created in certain areas of the brain during adulthood 30 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) The Specialization of the Hemispheres • Two Brains or One? • Left and right symmetrical halves – Lateralized • Left – Verbal competence – Processes information sequentially • Right – Spatial relationships – Recognition of patterns and drawings – Music – Emotional expression – Processes information globally BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N) 31 The Split Brain: Exploring the Two Hemispheres • Split-brain patients – Corpus callosum surgically cut 32 BY: Azhar. Ali (Red Rose N)