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Growth and Development of Infants Baby Pictures Baby Polar Bear Adult Polar Bear Baby Pictures Puppy Adult Dog Patterns of Physical Development Head to toe Lift head to see object Muscle control: pick up Walk towards Near to far: trunk outward Wave arms Grab with palm of hand Pick up with thumb and fingers Simple to complex Eating with fingers Spoon and fork Weight Lose some after birth 1-2 lbs/month 1st 6 months 1 pound/month in 2nd 6 months Birth weight: • • Doubled by 6 month Tripled by 1 yr 20-22 lbs: avg wt of 1 yr old Heredity, feeding habits, and physical activity Height Avg newborn =20 inches Avg 1 year =30 inches Heredity: influences height more than weight Proportion Large: head and abdomen Short/small: arms and legs Head grows rapidly b/c brain development Soft spots allow head to grow and close Soft Spots st 1 Year Physical Developments Sight: Improves Rapidly Blurry at first, within week can focus on object 7-10 inches away 1 month, focus on objects 3 feet away By 3 ½ months, vision almost as good as an adult Prefer patterns with high contrast and faces alternating stripes, bull’s eyes Prefer color red Depth Perception 2nd month: recognize that object is three-dimensional, not flat Hand-Eye Coordination Develop hand-eye coordination: Move hands and fingers in relation to what is seen 3-4 months: reach for what they see Essential for: • Eating • Catching a ball • Coloring • Tying shoes Hearing develops before birth At birth, can tell general direction sound is coming from Prefer human voice soothing voice calms loud voice alarms Smell and Taste Within 10 days can tell mom’s smell Can distinguish taste by 2 weeks old show preference for sweet taste Learn about world by using mouth Voice Cry becomes softer as lungs mature Physical growth of throat muscles, tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords Tongue and mouth interior change making speech development possible Teeth Begin to develop in 6th week of pregnancy Primary teeth begin to appear between 6-7 months of age Complete set by 20 months (1 year, 8 months) Teething can be painful process Can refuse food or drool a lot, increased desire for liquid, coughing, and fever how to help minor teething pain: teething biscuits or rubber teething rings rub ice cube on gums to ease pain temporarily teething medication Motor Skills Abilities that depend on use and control of muscles Mastering motor skills requires intellectual, social, emotional, and physical development Control head by 1 month 2-3 months can lift their chest By 9 months crawling- adds opportunity for learning Activity Make a list of 3-5 toys and/or activities that help develop hand-eye coordination for infants up to 1 year old. Provide colored illustrations for each toy or activity. 3-5 colored illustrations The Developing Brain Structure of the Brain The brain receives and interprets messages from the body, so it is key for intellectual development The brain is divided into different sections that control specific functions of the body Parts of the Brain Cerebrum- receives information from senses, directs motor activities Speech, memory, and problem solving Occur in outer layer called cortex Thalamus- connect spinal cord and cerebrum Expressions and emotions Cerebellum- controls muscular coordination and balance Parts of the Brain continued Spinal Cord- transmits info from the body to the brain; vice versa Brain Stem- controls involuntary activities such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure Pituitary Gland- secretes hormones that regulate growth, metabolism, and sexual development How the Brain Works Neurons sprout arms called dendrites and axons Reach toward other neurons, but never touch Tiny gaps called synapses; this is where messages are sent from one neuron to another Neurotransmitters are released by axons to attach to other dendrites The more times the same axon and dendrite connect, the stronger the connection grows and messages are sent more quickly How the Brain Becomes Organized The more arms neurons grow and the more links that develop between different neurons, the more paths the brain has More paths equal more power and flexibility Organization of brain grow’s on child’s experiences The group of neurons becomes linked together and controls a particular task How the Brain Becomes Organized continued Connections of neurons can be broken Connections can be lost and others added at the same time Developments have an impact on the appearance of the brain Speeding the Brain’s Work Myelin makes it easier for axons to transmit signals, it speeds their work All axons are not coated when a baby is born, only those that control basic instincts Axons become coated as a child grows Axons that control motor abilities, vision, and hearing receive coating first Rules to Build a Brain By Keep it simple and natural Rich environment- lots of loving interaction and talking Match experiences to the child’s mental capacities Learn by physical experiences Practice makes perfect Repetition Rules to Build a Brain By continued Make sure the child is actively involved Learn by doing Provide Give range of experiences, avoid being overwhelmed Avoid variety, but avoid overloading pushing the child Learn better if emotionally involved Is the Brain Only Organized Once? 1st year of life is not the only time that the brain can become organized Children who have suffered brain damage can learn to speak Older people who have a stroke- where neurons die in one part of the brain- can relearn skills by using another part of the brain Brainstorming Activity Name some activities that promote the growth of connections in the brain of infants. Next, draw a picture of the brain using page 261. Label each part of the brain and their function. Handling and Feeding Infants Gentle Handling of an Infant Never shake a baby Shaken baby syndrome- when someone severely shakes the baby usually to make them stop crying Damages the brain Learning problems Mental retardation Blindness Deafness death Gentle Handling of an Infant continued Safe ways to handle a stressful situation with crying: Put baby down in a safe place and calm down Ask a friend or relative to care for the baby Take deep breaths Talk out your problems How to Handle a Newborn Safely Refer to diagram on page 269 of “The Developing Child” Feeding Methods Feeding a Baby First few weeks, 6-8 times a day Breastfed babies tend to eat more often 2nd or 3rd month, once every 3-4 hours When a baby reaches 12 pounds, he will sleep through the night because the stomach can hold more food Feeding Methods Breast milk or formula during the 1st year No cow’s milk until 1 year How to Feed with a Bottle Hold baby is semi-upright position Support neck and head with the head held above the stomach Hold the bottle at an angle Prevents swallowing air Never prop a bottle Choking hazard, tooth decay, digestive problems Bottle Warming Formula does not have to be served warm Never heat a bottle in the microwave Can cause hot spots Heat bottle in a pan of water on the stove Run under hot water Use a bottle warmer Check the temperature by shaking a few drops on your wrist Sanitation Throw left over formula in the bottle away Wash and sterilize all bottles and bottle parts after each use Boiling water Dishwasher Both eliminate bacteria contamination Burping a Baby Burping helps expel air the baby swallowed You should burp a baby once during feeding and once after Types of Formula Powder, concentrate, ready to feed (RTF) Powder Mix with water 1 scoop per 2 oz water Make on needed basis Concentrate Dilute with water 1 can formula with 1 can water Use within 24 hours RTF No mixing required More expensive Use within 24 hours How much formula? 55 calories/pound each day Standard formula: 20 calories per ounce Example: How many ounces does a 12 pound baby need each day? Breastfeeding Basics http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breastfeeding.htm Why Breastfeed? Healthy Free Bonding Natural Builds immune system Mom burns more calories and loses weight quicker How long should you breastfeed? Recommend 1st 6 months First milk- colostrum High in fat, protein, antibodies 20 minutes on each breast Feed on demand 5-6 wet diapers 3-4 dirty diapers http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/BreastFeeding-Positions.htm Nutrition Avoid Broccoli, green leafy vegetables, spicy foods Avoid gassy foods: alcohol “pump and dump” Mom’s diet becomes baby’s diet Video Clips and Pictures http://www.ameda.com/breastpumping/videos/po pup_video.aspx?id=LatchOnEnglish http://www.breastfeeding.com/helpme/helpme_vi deo_4_bf_positions.html http://www.breastfeeding.com/helpme/helpme_vi deos/18_how_baby_sounds_bfing.html http://similac.com/feeding-nutrition/diaper- decoder Breastfeeding vs Breast Pump http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Breast-Feeding-Positions.htm Pumping is an alternative to breast feeding Use manual or electric pump Hand express Some babies cannot latch on Mother feels uncomfortable Storage Room temp 6-10 hrs Refrigerator 5-7 days Freezer 3-6 months http://video.about.com/breastfeeding/Stori ng-Breast-Milk.htm Sanitation Clean breasts with warm water and dry towel after feeding Soap will remove natural oils Cause drying or cracking Can use a breast cream How to stop breastfeeding Slowly wean the baby Milk will eventually dry up Could experience engorgement Hand express to relieve discomfort New Foods Weaning Introduce sippy cup around 6 months Put fruit juice in a cup, never in a bottle Introducing New Foods Introduce solids around 4-6 months Cereal first Vegetables, then fruits Mix with breast milk or formula to make it runny Feed with a spoon, never in a bottle 1 new food at a time for at least 3 days Feed with a spoon, never in a bottle Never feed straight from the jar 8-10 months, start using fingers; eventually move to spoons What Infants Need to Stay Healthy Enough calories to provide rapid growth Protein, iron, vitamins B, C, and D Food that is easy to digest Adequate amounts of liquid Other Infant Care Skills Bathing a Baby Sponge baths for the first two weeks while the navel heals Soft bath towels Soft washcloth Diaper Mild soap Baby shampoo Warm room for the bath Lukewarm water; test with elbow Bathing a Baby continued Support the baby with your hand and begin washing the face Never rub, the face is very tender Wash each part of the body one at a time Creases of skin should be thoroughly dried after washing Bathing a Baby continued Wash the scalp using tear-free baby shampoo once or twice a week Can just use water other days Cradle cap- patches of yellowish crusty scales • Apply baby oil or lanolin at night • Gently loosen scales with washcloth or soft hairbrush and shampoo the hair in the morning Bathing a Baby continued Baby powder and lotion are not necessary Powder safety- apply to your own hands and rub together then rub on baby’s skin Baby can be bathed in a tub once the navel heals Never leave a baby unattended in the bath Dressing a Baby Sleeper- one piece stretchy garment with feet Cotton clothing helps skin breathe More durable clothes for crawlers Pants, padded knees, cotton shirts Pants with snaps for easy diaper change Dressing a Baby continued Shoes are not needed until the baby is walking outside Best to learn walking barefoot so baby can grip floor with toes Nonskid socks are good for hard floors Clothes should be flame retardant Clothes are sized by age and weight Babies grow rapid Avoid loose strings and long ties on clothing Diapering a Baby Cloth diapers- least expensive Wash separately in hot water Disposable diapers offer more convenience Babies need about 12-15 diaper changes a day Newborn wets several times an hour, but not enough to be changed each time Older babies will let you know Supplies Needed to Diaper a Baby Changing table or sturdy surface Wet washcloth or wipes Powder How to Diaper a Baby Remove the diaper and clean the baby Put on a fresh diaper Slide under bottom Bring diaper up between legs and fasten Dispose of used supplies Wash hands Diaper rash- change more frequently, expose infected area to air as much as possible, special creams Sleep Newborns sleep 12-20 hours a day By 1 year has 2-3 sleep periods including naps Preparation for sleep: Change diaper and clothes, wash face/hands Rock to calm the baby Put the baby in the bed on it’s back Follow the same routine to provide comfort each time