* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 08: The Chemical Senses
Multielectrode array wikipedia , lookup
Activity-dependent plasticity wikipedia , lookup
NMDA receptor wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
Apical dendrite wikipedia , lookup
Premovement neuronal activity wikipedia , lookup
Subventricular zone wikipedia , lookup
Time perception wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Axon guidance wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Circumventricular organs wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Neural coding wikipedia , lookup
Clinical neurochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Signal transduction wikipedia , lookup
Sensory cue wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Optogenetics wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Smell Olfaction brings both good news and bad news Pheromones Smell— a mode of communication as well as of detecting environment Important signals Reproductive behavior Territorial boundaries Identification Aggression Role of human pheromones ; not as prominent as in other animals but still play roles unwittingly! Slide 1 Smell The Organs of Smell Olfactory epithelium Olfactory receptor cells : 4-8 wks life cycle Supporting cells : like glia, help producing mucus Basal cells : olfactory neurons source (stem cell) (Cranial nerve I) Slide 2 Smell The Organs of Smell Mucus layer : water base with mucopolysaccharides antibodies - critical defense en route to brain various enzymes odorant binding proteins - concentrate odorants Olfactory acuity : The size of olfactory epithelium and the number of olfactory receptors e.g. dog vs human : 170 cm2 vs 10 cm2, 100 times more receptors per sqarecentimeters Vomeronasal organ : pheromone sensing organ project to accessory olfactory bulb Slide 3 Smell Olfactory Receptor Neurons Olfactory Transduction • Cl- channel opening mediate outflow of chloride ions : Unusually high intracellular Clconc. enhance depolarization (in contrast to what happens in other neurons) • Termination of olfactory sensation : Odorants diffusion Degradation (scavenger enzymes) 2ndary signalling pathway to end the transduction – adaptation (even when odorants still be around) Slide 4 Smell Olfactory Receptor Neurons Olfactory Transduction • Cl- channel opening mediate outflow of chloride ions : Unusually high intracellular Clconc. enhance depolarization (in contrast to what happens in other neurons) • Termination of olfactory sensation : Odorants diffusion Degradation (scavenger enzymes) 2ndary signalling pathway to end the transduction – adaptation (even when odorants still be around) Slide 5 Smell Olfactory Transduction Odorant receptors • More than 1000 genes in rodents (Linda Buck and Richard Axel) — The largest gene family in mammals — ~350 in human • Genes are scattered (in clusters) about on the genome • Each Olfactory neurons seem to express single odorant receptor gene : choice mechanism unknown!!. • Zonal and random (within a zone) expression — each zone express a different, nonoverlapping subset of receptor genes Slide 6 Smell Olfactory Transduction • • • • VNO has its own receptors : — ~300 in mice, 5 in humans — Structurally different from odorant receptors — Ligands are largely unknown Unusual cAMP gated channels are evolutionarily conserved : Used in the visual transduction as well Recent finding suggests both olfactory system and vomeronasal system regulate behavioral outcome such as reproduction Population coding : both odorant type (which cells) and strength (how active) are used to classify the odors Slide 7 Smell Central Olfactory Pathways • Each Ob has about 2000 glomeruli • Each glomerulus contains about 25,000 primary olfactory axons and dendrites from about 100 secondorder olfactory neurons (Mitral cells) Slide 8 Smell Central Olfactory Pathways Slide 9 Smell Central Olfactory Pathways Precise mapping : • All axons from neurons that express one particular receptor gene converge onto glomeruli on each bulb • Each glomerulus receives input from only receptor cells of one particular type • Symmetrical positions • Consistent positions of glomeruli from one mouse to another Intricate circuitry : • Excitatory and inhibitory connections -Within glomeruli -Among glomeruli -Between obs • Broad categorization of odorant signals might be done at this level Slide 10 Smell Central Olfactory Pathways Direct projections to cortex (OB-OC):unique to olfactory system Paleocortex VS. Neocortex Multiple projections (from OB) to many brain structures Direct and widespread influence on odor discrimination, emotion, motivation, memory.. • OB-OT-Medial dorsal nucleus of thalamus pathway may be responsible for the conscious perception of smell, while connections to amygdala and entorhinal cortex may be involved in the affected (associated) components of olfaction such as aversiveness • • • • Slide 11 Slide 12 Smell Spatial and Temporal Representations of Olfactory Information Olfactory Population Coding • Combinations increase resolutions Olfactory Spatial Maps • A sensory map is an orderly arrangement of neurons that correlates with certain feature of the environment • Reproducible spatial pattern in the system that no where information is needed- WHY? - Discrimination among different chemicals? - Just for the efficiency? - Easier communications with neighbors - Systemic relationships between chemicals and map positions? Slide 13 Smell Spatial and Temporal Representations of Olfactory Information Chemotopy Slide 14 Smell Spatial and Temporal Representations of Olfactory Information ORN receptive fields and acuity Slide 15 Smell Spatial and Temporal Representations of Olfactory Information Temporal coding Odors are inherently slow stimuli - The timing of odors is not so important but the quality of odors is Oscillation between ob and cortex when odors are present - imply the presence of temporal odor code ORNs responsive to a particular odor display a wide range of temporal spiking pattern In honeybee expts, ablating the synchrony of firing brought about a loss of bee’s ability to distinguish between similar odors ( not between broad category of odors) Slide 16 Smell Spatial and Temporal Representations of Olfactory Information Temporal coding hypothesis Slide 17