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31.1 The Neuron Functions Nerve Impulse The Synapse Objectives: • 1) Students will be able describe the anatomy and purpose/function of neurons. • 2) Students will be able to describe how a nerve impulse (action potential) is generated and travels from neuron to neuron. Functions of the Nervous System • The nervous system records sensory data from the body’s external and internal conditions, sends that information to the Central Nervous System for processing and then responds to the stimuli. Peripheral Nervous System • Role: Collects sensory information about the body’s internal and external environment and relays it to the Central Nervous system • Structures: Nerves and supporting cells. The Central Nervous System • Role: Processes information sent to it by Peripheral Nervous system, processes that information and sends out a signal (response) to the correct body part. • Structures: Brain and Spinal Column Thinking Question: • What do you think happens when you receive a stimulus from one of your senses. In your notes write out the path it would take from outside the body and through the aspects of the nervous system. The Nerve Impulse The Nerve Impulse • Resting Potential: -70 mV (milli-volts). This is caused by K+ (Potassium ions) being pumped into the cell and Na+ ions being pumped out of the cell. • This voltage is the difference between the inside and the outside of the cell (across the membrane) Action Potential • Another name for a “nerve impulse” this is when the neuron “fires” and transmits a signal down its axon and passes it on to another neuron or a cell. Threshold • This is the voltage the neuron has to reach before it “fires” or sends a signal. This is approximately 55mV The Nerve Impulse • Neuron starts at the resting potential • (-70mV difference between the inside and outside of the cell) • Na+ is actively transported out of the cell, K+ in. K+ slowly leaks out. The Nerve Impulse • A Stimulus is received from the external and internal environment. • If the stimulus is strong enough to overcome the threshold, sodium channels open at the beginning of the axon and the internal cell environment become positive. This sends the nerve impulse down the axon to the axon terminals. The Synapse • Synapse: The point where the action potential of one neuron is transferred across the synaptic cleft into the dendrites of another neuron in the form of a neurotransmitter. Synaptic Cleft • The gap between the Axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neuron or receptors of the target cell. • Neurotransmitters pass across the synaptic cleft to pass on signals Neurotransmitters • Neurotransmitters are chemicals that are transmitted from the synapse across the synaptic cleft to another neuron or cell.