* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download DNA - hdueck
Polycomb Group Proteins and Cancer wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Epitranscriptome wikipedia , lookup
Holliday junction wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
RNA silencing wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding RNA wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
History of RNA biology wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid tertiary structure wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
History of genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Artificial gene synthesis wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
DNA The Molecule of Life What is DNA? DeoxyriboNucleic Acid Chargaff’s Law R. Franklin and M. Wilkins A=T, G=C Crystal X-ray J Watson and F Crick Model of DNA Double stranded structure Bases inside What is DNA Made of? Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate Base Purine A, G Pyrimidine T, C What are the Structures of the Bases? Purines Adenine Guanine What are the structures of the bases? Pyrimidines Thymine Cytosine Assembly of the parts Purines and pyrimidines form chemical bonds with deoxy-ribose (5-carbon) sugar. The carbon atoms on the sugar are designated 1', 2', 3', 4' and 5'. It is the 1' carbon of the sugar that becomes bonded to the nitrogen atom at position N1 of a pyrimidine or N9 of a purine. RNA contains ribose. The resulting molecules are called nucleosides and can serve as elementary precursors for DNA (and RNA synthesis) Nucleosides (examples) Nucleosides become Nucleotides Nucleosides form bonds with phosphate groups. Phosphate groups bind to the 5’ C of the deoxyribose sugar. Nucleosides + phosphate group = NUCLEOTIDE A Nucleotide A, G, C or T Forms sugar Phosphate Backbone What makes DNA Different from RNA? A Single Strand of Nucleotides The nucleotides connect by a series of 5' to 3' phosphate-deoxyribose bonds. Note the sequence of the bases in the next diagram. Polynucleotide sequences are referenced in the 5' to 3' direction Polynucleotide Polynucleotide pairs are Complementary: One strand of DNA is arranged 5’ to 3’ The partner strand is arranged exactly 3’ to 5’. Chargaff’s law states A = T and C=G The strands are held together by Hbonds between the bases Base pairing: how it works Hydrogen Bonding between bases: A-T Bonding 2 hydrogen bonds G-C Bonding 3 hydrogen bonds H-Bond Orientation H-bonds between O```H and N```H Orientation in space PAIRING of A with T, PAIRING of G with C Double Stranded DNA: Complementary strands (cont.) The bases pair COMPLEMENTARY to one another. Use This complementarity allows for DNA replication and transcription DNA: Two complementary strands of polynucleotides Like a zipper but held together by Hbonds (which really are not bonds, but forces) DNA: The Double Helix Like a ladder twisted about its axis Each cell in our body contains 2 m worth of DNA. The CODE The specific base pairing and the sequence of the bases are significant. We call the specific arrangement of bases the CODE The sequences of code form the GENE for a specific trait. Genes are special sequences of hundreds to thousands of nucleotide base pairs that form templates for protein making It codes for specific RNA bases for the making of specific proteins for the trait. GENE Exon: regions that form the code for the trait Intron: regions that are part of the gene but are excised Genes Total number of genes is unknown, it estimated to be 30 000 to 120 000 Genes comprise only 3% of the chromosome—the rest is called junk DNA—its code is meaningless “junk” What is important about base pairs? Can predict sequence of one strand based on the sequence of the other because it is complementary Replication and Transcription: a single strand of DNA acts as a TEMPLATE for a new strand, or for making RNA. Repair of damaged DNA—the template DNA allows for repairs. DNA: From Chromatin to Chromosome DNA supercoils around tiny proteins called HISTONES. The resulting strand with histones supercoils on itself. Size CHROMOSOMES The supercoiled DNA further coils until it further supercoils as chromatin. This is how 2 m of DNA can be packed into the nucleus of a single body cell. At interphase of MITOSIS or MEIOSIS I, the DNA replicates itself. The chromatin become visible as double stranded DNA (DNA that has replicated). Chromosomal Wrapping Replication: Why? Where? S phase of cell cycle What? Nucleus in Eukaryotes. Cytosol in Prokaryotes When? When cells replicate, each new cell needs it’s own copy of DNA. Many proteins: major is DNA Polymerase How? Replication How? 5’3’ directionality Starts with RNA primer Leading Strand Lagging Strand Okasaki Fragments Sequence determined by basepairing Nova-Cracking the Code of Life The Structure of DNA Transcription DNA RNA What is the difference between DNA and RNA? Ribose Sugar Uracil not thymine Transcription Where? What? When RNA is needed Why? RNA Polymerase plus some minor proteins When? Nucleus in Eukaryotes Cytosol in Prokaryotes RNA’s serve many important functions in cells How? Transcription How? 5’3’ directionality Usually only one strand Uses Base-pairing Same idea as with DNA replication RNA Synthesis Animation Translation What? Where? When proteins are need, after RNA is made Why? Cytosol When? RNA Protein Proteins are vital for cells How? Translation How? Ribosomal Subunits Small subunit Large subunit Codon Triplet code used tRNA, rRNA, mRNA Translation Animation The Genetic Code Why is this important? Genetic Engineering Gene Splicing Mutations Cloning In Summary 1. A nucleotide is made of three parts: a) b) c) A phosphate group A five carbon sugar (deoxyribose) And a nitrogen containing