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Applied Genetics: DNA Technology & Genomics Manipulating the code Text Ch 31 What can you change? Changing phenotype The genes that are expressed The genes turned “on” Changing genotype Your alleles, your DNA code for the traits you have or carry Controlled Breeding Mass selection Choosing parents with the best traits for a cross (or mating) from a large selection of phenotypes “the gene pool” Inbreeding Breeding of closely related organisms Brother/sister Self-pollinated plants results in Purebreds Homozygous recessive, homozygous dominant MM x MM mm x mm Hybridization Using parents with 2 different traits to produce new combinations of traits Mm x Mm Results in “hybrid vigor” Offspring have better traits than either parent Liger/Tigon Zonkey polyploidy Condition of having more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes Caused by genetic errors in mitosis “Induced” by chemicals or radiation Gene manipulation Based on knowledge of Human Genome Project Examined over 6 bill. Nucleotide bases in 20-30,000 genes! Location of genes on chromosomes established Once you know where the genes are, you can change them!! Genetic Engineering Directly changing the gene code of organism Recombinant DNA - Combining DNA from 2 different organisms Creates a chimera or transgenic organism Must recognize coding sequences of genes must understand how to turn genes on gene expression Tools Genomic maps of DNA so you know where genes are on chromosomes Genomic libraries of genetic information Restriction Enzymes Enzyme scissors that cut the DNA molecule Ligase – enzyme glue Plasmid A bacterial gene that is easy to work with Benefits of Genetic Engineering Make drugs easily & cheaply, i.e. insulin Make vaccines New and useful chimeras genetically engineered crops for disease or insect resistance, increased yield Save DNA from endangered species What else??? Risks? Genethics? Moral and ethical implications of genetic engineering Cloning a super race Frankenfoods Bringing back the dead What are YOUR concerns? Gene Therapy & cloning How to transfer the correct gene into an affected individual? Cloning vectors A carrier of genetic info. used to transmit genetic information Cloning Making exact copies of DNA, making exact copies of YOU Mitosis, binary fission, vegetative propagation, regeneration Recall, all somatic cells contain all DNA information your body needs to make you i.e., a cheek cell contains the DNA to become a heart cell DNA Fingerprinting Comparison of DNA found in blood samples, tissue samples, etc. to identify individuals for classification, criminology, paternity suits, etc. Can determine diseases & genetic defects Tracing family history & evolution DNA fingerprinting Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) Cut DNA of individual with restriction enzymes Separate fragments in gel electrophoresis compare - 5 banding images is a match