* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 20: DNA Technology & Genomics
Transposable element wikipedia , lookup
Mitochondrial DNA wikipedia , lookup
Comparative genomic hybridization wikipedia , lookup
Epigenetics of human development wikipedia , lookup
Genome (book) wikipedia , lookup
Zinc finger nuclease wikipedia , lookup
Human genome wikipedia , lookup
DNA profiling wikipedia , lookup
Genome evolution wikipedia , lookup
DNA polymerase wikipedia , lookup
Cancer epigenetics wikipedia , lookup
DNA damage theory of aging wikipedia , lookup
Metagenomics wikipedia , lookup
SNP genotyping wikipedia , lookup
Genealogical DNA test wikipedia , lookup
United Kingdom National DNA Database wikipedia , lookup
Nutriepigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Bisulfite sequencing wikipedia , lookup
Point mutation wikipedia , lookup
Site-specific recombinase technology wikipedia , lookup
Primary transcript wikipedia , lookup
No-SCAR (Scarless Cas9 Assisted Recombineering) Genome Editing wikipedia , lookup
DNA nanotechnology wikipedia , lookup
Genetic engineering wikipedia , lookup
Epigenomics wikipedia , lookup
Genomic library wikipedia , lookup
DNA supercoil wikipedia , lookup
Cell-free fetal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid double helix wikipedia , lookup
Vectors in gene therapy wikipedia , lookup
Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids wikipedia , lookup
Genome editing wikipedia , lookup
Microsatellite wikipedia , lookup
DNA vaccination wikipedia , lookup
Non-coding DNA wikipedia , lookup
Cre-Lox recombination wikipedia , lookup
Designer baby wikipedia , lookup
Extrachromosomal DNA wikipedia , lookup
Microevolution wikipedia , lookup
Therapeutic gene modulation wikipedia , lookup
Molecular cloning wikipedia , lookup
Deoxyribozyme wikipedia , lookup
Nucleic acid analogue wikipedia , lookup
Helitron (biology) wikipedia , lookup
Chapter 20: DNA Technology & Genomics Biotechnology Manipulation of organisms/components to make desired products Ex. Making wine & cheese with yeast, selective breeding of organisms, recombinant DNA products Genetic Direct engineering gene manipulation Recombinant DNA (nucleotide sequences from 2 sources) Make hormones, & clotting factors Cloning Gene cloning Purpose: Copies of a gene for research Produce Protein product use bacterial plasmids Insert desired gene into plasmid Recombinant plasmid is inserted into bacterium Bacterium replicates its genome including the foreign DNA Constructing Recombinant DNA Restriction enzymes cut DNA at a specific sequence (4-8 nucleotides) creating fragments Cuts leave “sticky ends” Sticky ends form temporary hydrogen bonds to complementary sequences DNA ligase seals bond= stable recombinant DNA Identifying Recombinant Genes Nucleic Acid Hybridization Fluorescent/Radioactively labeled Nucleic acid probe used Probe is complementary to gene of interest Detection of recombinant gene product Eukaryotic Cloning Yeast cells (eukaryotic fungi) used for making recombinant genes YACs (yeast artificial chromosomes) Yeast=eukaryotes can post-translationally modify unlike prokaryotes Yeast plasmids can carry larger DNA segments Yeast must be made competent electroporation Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Amplifies DNA sample Procedure Denaturation/separation of DNA strands DNA primers added initiates replication at target sequence DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to primers Cycle is repeated to further amplify DNA sample DNA Fragment Analysis Gel electrophoresis Southern blotting Gel used as a sieve to separate nucleic acids or proteins based on size & charge DNA (-) travels toward + electrode Long sequences remain toward top; short sequences move toward bottom banding pattern created Method which combines gel electrophoresis & nucleic acid hybridization Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) Non-coding regions of DNA are analyzed for unique banding patterns Identifying Genes & Their Function In vitro mutagenesis RNA interference (RNAi) Mutations introduced inserted back into cell changes observed Synthetic double stranded RNA used blocks translation DNA microarray assays Genome-wide expression studies Determines which genes are expressed in a particular tissue, under which environmental conditions, & in combination with other genes Application of DNA Technology Medical Pharmaceutical Forensic Environmental Agricultural Medical Applications Diagnosis of Disease PCR & nucleic acid probes used to look for disease causing mutation even before birth RFLP markers can be used to detect disease Gene Therapy Alteration of disease affected individual’s genes Pharmaceutical Application Production of “manufactured” hormones or other proteins i.e. HGH, insulin, TPA (dissolves blood clots following heart attack) Forensic Evidence DNA fingerprint RFLP analysis used detects similarities/ differences in DNA Simple sequence DNA (STRs: simple tandem repeats) are used to provide markers that are even more variable between individuals Environmental Clean-Up Application Microorganisms metabolize environmental waste engineered into other organisms Used to Extract heavy metals Cleaning up mining waste Cleaning up oil spills Cleaning up waste water Agricultural Application Vaccines & growth hormones for farm animals Transgenic organisms Insert cloned gene into the fertilized egg implant into surrogate mother Traits inserted increase nutritional value of animal products Genetically engineered plants Genes inserted for desirable traits Ti plasmid most often used vector Traits= herbicide or pest resistance or increased nutrients Debate about GM (genetically modified) organisms