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Transcript
Anatomy of Plants Chapter 4 Prokaryotes • No membrane enclosed organelles • Considered primitive • Examples: Bacteria & Blue green algae Eukaryotes • Organelles bound with membranes • Organelles such as: nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles etc. • Examples: plant & animal Cell Walls • • • • Made of hemicellulose Protects the organelles Give structure and support Secondary cell walls are made up of cellulose, pectic, suberin, cutin, and lignins Plasma Membrane • The lipid bilayer membrane surrounding the cytoplasm • Selective absorption Protoplast • Refers to the inside of the cell • Cytoplasm: – The fluid surrounded by plasma membrane – Made up of proteins – Suspends the organelles Organelles • Internal structures within the protoplast Chloroplasts • • • • • Responsible for photosynthesis Contains pigments, chlorophyll Solar energy is harvested Made up of flattened discs called grana Double membranes plastids Mitochondria • • • • • The manufacturing plant Site of respiration Involved in producing ATP, using oxygen Double membrane surrounding it Are capable of manufacturing their own proteins. Nucleus • Control center of the cell • Contains chromosomal DNA • Double membrane which is porous to allow material to pass in and out of the nucleus Vacuoles • 90% in mature cells • Storage devices • Water, Sugar, Salts, and toxic waste Vacuoles • 90% in mature cells • Storage devices • Water, Salts and toxic waste Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) • Site of protein synthesis • Two types: Rough ER has ribosomes and Smooth ER does not have ribosomes or very few. • Proteins produced by ribosomes are passed through the ER membrane into the ER lumen, where they are sealed in vesicles for transport to the cell organelles. Ribosomes • Decodes DNA • Contains RNA Golgi Apparatus (Body) • Membrane bound • Packages energy(proteins, carbohydrates, & hormones.) • Delivers packaged energy to different parts of the cell Golgi Body Tissues • Meristems – Apical – cell division – Subapical – flower structures – Intercalary – zones of maturation in monocots – Lateral/cambial – form connective tissue, bark(cork), xylem, phloem Permanent Tissue • Epidermis – single layer of exterior cells • Parenchyma – thin cell walls & large vacuoles. – Collenchyma, support function – Sclerenchyma, they make plant fibers or gritty cell like in pears Complex Permanent Tissue • Xylem -water • Phloem – sugars, proteins, hormones, dissolved minerals, and salts Structure of Primary Root Structure of Primary Stem Structure of leaves Cell Division Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Sexual Propagation • • • • • • • Mitosis Meiosis DNA Chromosome Gene Diploid Haploid • • • • • • Dominant Recessive Homozygous Heterozygous Phenotype Genotype Genetic Concepts in Plant Improvement • • • • Chromosomes Diploid 2n Haploid 1n Alfalfa-32, Barley14, Corn-20, Sugar Beets-18 • Consists of DNA • Changes in cell division A = Adenine, T = Thymine, G = Guanine, C = Cytosine Summary • Mitosis: is seen in cell growth • Increases plant size • Contains two sets of homologous chromosomes 2N • Meiosis: is seen in fertilization • Referred to as reduction division • The gametes one set of chromosomes 1N