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Transcript
AP EXAM REVIEW SESSION III MOLECULAR GENETICS Be prepared, not scared! Gene Expression But first . . . A Quick Visit to Mendelian Genetics . . . 1. Paula and Bernie have a child named Liz. Paula is A – and Liz is B +. What are the possible blood phenotypes for Bernie? Genotypes for all? 2. Coat color is Labrador retrievers is controlled by the inheritance and interaction of two genes. Black color is dominant to chocolate, but yellow Labrador retrievers will be produced if a second dominant gene allowing the ability to express pigment is not inherited. Two black Labrador retrievers, heterozygous at both loci, are mated. What is the chance that they will produce yellow offspring? 3. Two carriers for cystic fibrosis have 3 children together, none of whom has cystic fibrosis. What is the probability their 4th child will be born with cystic fibrosis? 4. Two diploid organisms, one heterozygous for 4 genes and one homozygous dominant for 4 genes, sexually reproduce. What is the probability the offspring is heterozygous at every locus? What is the most likely path of inheritance? What is the most likely path of inheritance? What is the most likely path of inheritance? Nucleic Acids DNA DNA DNA Replication DNA Replication Mechanisms of Gene Transfer in Bacteria Prokaryotic Gene Expression Inducible vs Repressible Operons Eukaryotic Protein Synthesis REGULATION OF EUK GENE EXPRESSION • Pre-Transcriptional Modifications Chromatin Re-modeling o Acetylation of Histones o Methylation Initiation of Transcription o Transcription Factors • Post-Transcriptional Modifications Alternative RNA Splicing mRNA Degradation Protein Processing Proteosomes Non-Coding RNAs REGULATION OF EUK GENE EXPRESSION • Post-Transcriptional Modifications, cont mRNA Degradation Protein Processing o Proteosomes Non-Coding RNAs o microRNAs (miRNAs) o small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) Techniques in Molecular Genetics Restriction Enzymes & Recombinant DNA Gene Cloning Using mRNA to Produce cDNA Microarrays Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Electrophoresis Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms, AKA . . . RFLPs Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms SNPs
