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6 January 2015 Trait Cross (two traits) Purebred Genes Alleles Genetics Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment Punnett Square Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Do study guide pages 57, 1 – 6. 7 January 2015 Trait Cross (two traits) Purebred Genes Alleles Genetics Law of Segregation Law of Independent Assortment Punnett Square Homozygous Heterozygous Dominant Recessive Genotype Phenotype Do study guide pages 57, 1 – 6. Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics. Traits are distinguishing characteristics that are inherited. Genetics is the study of biological inheritance patterns and variation. Gregor Mendel showed that traits are inherited as discrete units. Many in Mendel’s day thought traits were blended. Mendel’s data revealed patterns of inheritance. Mendel made three key decisions in his experiments. use of purebred plants control over breeding observation of seven “either-or” traits Seven traits were observed in Mendel’s peas. • Mendel used pollen to fertilize selected pea plants. – A cross is the mating of two organisms. – P (parental) generation crossed to produce F1 generation (first generation of offspring) – Interrupted the self-pollination process by removing male flower parts Mendel controlled the fertilization of his pea plants by removing the male parts, or stamens. He then fertilized the female part, or pistil, with pollen from a different pea plant. • Mendel allowed the resulting plants to self-pollinate. – Among the F1 generation, all plants had purple flowers – F1 plants are all heterozygous – Among the F2 generation (second generation of offspring), some plants had purple flowers and some had white • Mendel observed patterns in the first and second generations of his crosses. • For all seven traits, Mendel found that ¾ of the F2 offspring had one trait and ¼ had the other trait. • Mendel drew three important conclusions. – Traits are inherited as discrete units. – The last two conclusions are called the law of segregation. – Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent. – The two copies segregate during gamete formation. purple white Punnett squares illustrate genetic crosses. The Punnett square is a grid system for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross. The axes represent the possible gametes of each parent. The boxes show the possible genotypes of the offspring. • The Punnett square yields the ratio of possible genotypes and phenotypes. If you cross a tall plant (TT) with a short plant (tt) what will be the potential ratio of offspring? If you cross a tall plant (T ?) with a short plant (tt) what will be the potential ratio of offspring? T t t Tt tt t Tt tt Sex linked trait Hitchhiker's thumb (H) is dominant to no hitchhiker's thumb (h). A woman who does not have hitchhiker's thumb marries a man who is heterozygous for hitchhiker's thumb. What is the probable genotypic ratio of their children? A. 0% Hh: 100% hh B. 50% Hh: 50% hh C. 75% Hh: 25% hh D. 100% Hh: 0% hh H h h Hh hh h Hh hh Hitchhiker's thumb (H) is dominant to no hitchhiker's thumb (h). A woman who does not have hitchhiker's thumb marries a man who is heterozygous for hitchhiker's thumb. What is the probable genotypic ratio of their children? A. 0% Hh: 100% hh B. 50% Hh: 50% hh C. 75% Hh: 25% hh D. 100% Hh: 0% hh H h h Hh hh h Hh hh One of the parents of a child has phenylketonuria (PKU), which is caused by recessive alleles. The other parent does not have the PKU alleles. What is the chance that the couple will have a child with phenylketonuria? A. 0% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100% a a A Aa Aa A Aa Aa One of the parents of a child has phenylketonuria (PKU), which is caused by recessive alleles. The other parent does not have the PKU alleles. What is the chance that the couple will have a child with phenylketonuria? A. 0% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100% a a A Aa Aa A Aa Aa Work on pages 58 & 59 in your Study Guide Pg 58 – 8 & 9 Pg 59 – all 8 January 2015 Define what Pedigrees are – Chapter 7.4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qY0ixUWJx0g Hemophilia is a sex-linked, recessive trait. What is the chance for a man and woman to have a child with hemophilia? The man and woman do not have hemophilia, but the woman’s father was a hemophiliac. Hemophilia is a condition where males do not have a corresponding allele on their Y chromosome. H X h X XH XH XH XH Xh Y H X Y Xh Y Pedigree XH Xh X H Xh XH XH XH Y XH Y XH Xh Xh Y Married in 1840 Born in 1889 XH Y For Question 5 & 6: A green-leafed plant is crossed with one with yellow-striped leaves. The cross ONLY produces 185 green-leafed plants. 5) What are the genotypes of both parents? 6) Summarize the genotypes & phenotypes of the offspring that would be produced by crossing green-leafed plants obtained by the initial cross (F1 generation). I will collect the paper for a grade tomorrow. 9 January DNA Nucleotide Double Helix Base Paring Rules RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Replication Transcription Translation Codon Anticodon Genotype Phenotype 10 January DNA Nucleotide Double Helix Base Paring Rules RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Replication Transcription Translation Codon Anticodon Genotype Phenotype Reviewed board notes – Homework was a DNA package, due on 12 Jan. 12 January Review of the steps of DNA replication: 1) DNA is unwound by an enzyme. 2) The unpaired strand has nucleotides exposed, which are matched to “complementary” bases (A – T & C – G). 3) Enzymes attach the complementary nucleotides to each other and to the other strand of DNA. 4) The entire DNA molecule is eventually replicated and the two strands are separated from each other during mitosis and meiosis. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/cracking-the-codeof-life.html Cracking the Code of Life 13 January Do you remember the steps of DNA replication discussed yesterday? Write down in your notebook what you remember. Review of the steps of DNA replication: 1) DNA is unwound by an enzyme. 2) The unpaired strand has nucleotides exposed, which are matched to “complementary” bases (A – T & C – G). 3) Enzymes attach the complementary nucleotides to each other and to the other strand of DNA. 4) The entire DNA molecule is eventually replicated and the two strands are separated from each other during mitosis and meiosis. 13 January Review of the steps of DNA replication: 1) DNA is unwound by an enzyme called Helicase 2) A small piece of RNA is added to the DNA, then 3) The unpaired strand has nucleotides exposed. Nucleotide bases are matched to by the enzyme called DNA Polymerase which adds complementary nucleotides “complementary” bases (A – T & C – G) 4) Enzymes attach (ligate) the complementary nucleotides to each other and to the other strand of DNA and is created in the 5’ to 3’ direction 5) The entire DNA molecule is eventually replicated and the two strands are separated from each other during mitosis and meiosis. This type of replication is called “Semi-Conservative” Replication – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AnyWrHYBOE DNA structure is the same in ALL organisms 15 January Study Guide Questions: Pg. 75, #s – all Pg. 76, #s – all Pg. 77, #s – all Pg. 78, #s – 14, 15 & 17 Pg. 79, #s – all Which of the following statements is exactly correct? 1) A DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces another RNA strand that is complementary to the first strand. 2) Two exposed strands of DNA are base paired to create two antiparallel strands of RNA. 3) Messenger DNA molecules are build from complementary base pairs after the helicase unwinds the DNA and DNA polymerase attaches nucleotides to form two new messenger DNA strands. 4) DNA is unwound by topoisomerase and hydrogen bonds broken by helicase, which allows complementary base pairs to attach to form two new strands that are anti-parallel strands. 5) DNA is unwound by polymerase and the A, T, G, & Cs are attached to their complementary molecule, forming two new parallel, conservative strands of DNA. DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides. DNA is made up of a long chain of nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three parts. a phosphate group a deoxyribose sugar a nitrogen-containing base phosphate group deoxyribose (sugar) nitrogen-containing base • The nitrogen containing bases are the only difference in the four nucleotides. Watson and Crick determined the three-dimensional structure of DNA by building models. They realized that DNA is a double helix that is made up of a sugarphosphate backbone on the outside with bases on the inside. • Watson and Crick’s discovery built on the work of Rosalind Franklin and Erwin Chargaff. – Franklin’s x-ray images suggested that DNA was a double helix of even width. – Chargaff’s rules stated that A=T and C=G. • The backbone is connected by covalent bonds. • The bases are connected by hydrogen bonds. hydrogen bond covalent bond Nucleotides always pair in the same way. The base-pairing rules show how nucleotides always pair up in DNA. – A pairs with T – C pairs with G • Because a single ring sugar pairs with a double ring sugar, the helix has a uniform width. Nucleotide bases http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNASR kIU5Fw G A C T DNA is converted to a protein. Transcription (making mRNA) then translation (making an amino acid chain which will become a protein) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJxobgkPEAo DNA serves only as a template. Enzymes and other proteins do the actual work of replication. Enzymes unzip the double helix. Nucleotides pair with the exposed bases on the template strand via hydrogen bonds. nucleotide The DNA molecule unzips in both directions. – DNA polymerase enzymes bond the new nucleotides together to form the double helix. – Polymerase enzymes form covalent bonds between nucleotides in the new strand. new strand nucleotide DNA polymerase • Two new molecules of DNA are formed, each with an original strand and a newly formed strand. • DNA replication is semiconservative. original strand Two molecules of DNA new strand Replication – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZaIvS0&safe=active Do page 77 & 78 in your Study Guide 16 January Gene Expression: how the genes in DNA are turned into proteins. Define the following terms: RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Study Guide Questions: Transcription Translation Codon Anticodon Pg. 75, #s – all Pg. 76, #s – all Pg. 77, #s – all Pg. 78, #s – 14, 15 & 17 Pg. 79, #s – all RNA carries DNA’s instructions. The central dogma states that information flows in one direction from DNA to RNA to proteins. DNA is converted to a protein. Transcription (making mRNA) then translation (making an amino acid chain which will become a protein) DNA serves only as a template. Enzymes and other proteins do the actual work of replication. Enzymes unzip the double helix. Nucleotides pair with the exposed bases on the template strand via hydrogen bonds and the mRNA molecule grows from the 5’ end, adding nucleotides to the 3’ end. – RNA polymerase enzymes bond the new nucleotides together to form the mRNA molecule. – Polymerase enzymes form covalent bonds between nucleotides in the new strand. • RNA differs from DNA in three major ways. – RNA has a ribose sugar. – RNA has uracil instead of thymine. – RNA is a single-stranded structure. • Transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase. – RNA polymerase and other proteins form a transcription complex. – The transcription complex recognizes the start of a gene and unwinds a segment of it. transcription complex start site nucleotides – RNA polymerase reads one side of the DNA template and strings together a complementary strand of RNA nucleotides. – The DNA helix winds again as the gene is transcribed. DNA RNA polymerase moves along the DNA – The RNA strand detaches from the DNA once the gene is transcribed. RNA one gene growing RNA strands DNA Transcription – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WsofH466lqk Translation – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5bLEDd-PSTQ Codon – A sequence of three non-overlapping nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid. Anticodon – Nucleotides on the tRNA molecule that help the molecule match up with the correct codon. - complementary pairing. 21 January Lab 9 DNA Extraction 1) Make an extraction buffer, 10 ml of soap, 2 g of salt, and 50 ml of water in a 250 ml beaker 1) Place 40 ml of puree into the extraction buffer and stir for 5 minutes 3) Use a paper towel to filter the solution into a small beaker, you need at least 10 ml. 4) Place filtrate into a test tube and add 10 ml of alcohol and look for the accumulation of DNA 22 January Qualitative ranking for DNA extraction Solution Tomato Milk Raspberry Blueberry Banana Yogurt 2nd 5 4 1 6 2 3 3rd 5 4 1 6 3 2 5th 4 3 1 6 5 2 6th 4 5 1 6 3 2 7th 2 4 5 6 1 3 27 January Review Study Guide Questions: Pgs. 85 & 86 (8.7) Define the following: Reading Frame – Mutation – Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences. First, let’s Review Translation converts mRNA messages into polypeptides. A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for an amino acid. codon for methionine (Met) codon for leucine (Leu) • Reading frame: series of non-overlapping nucleotides read in order. • A change in the order in which codons are read changes the resulting protein. • Reading frame: series of non-overlapping nucleotides read in order. • A change in the order in which codons are read changes the resulting protein. • Regardless of the organism, codons code for the same amino acid (common language). Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire chromosome. A mutation is a change in an organism’s DNA. Many kinds of mutations can occur, especially during replication. A point mutation substitutes one nucleotide for another. Mutated base • Many kinds of mutations can occur, especially during replication. – A FRAME SHIFT MUTATION inserts or deletes a nucleotide in the DNA sequence. In your textbook, answer questions 1 – 6 on page 261 and question 22 on page 259 and question 23 on page 260 29 January Define: Law of Segregation Independent Assortment Law of Segregation (Mendel’s first law) . The principle that states, during the production of gametes, the two copies of each hereditary factor (allele) segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent. One Trait Law of Independent Assortment (Mendel’s Second Law) . This states that separate genes, for separate traits, are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring. Two Traits A pea plant is heterozygous for both seed shape and seed color. R is the allele for the dominant, round shape characteristic; r is the allele for the recessive, wrinkled shape characteristic. Y is the allele for the dominant, yellow color characteristic; y is the allele for the recessive, green color characteristic. What will be the probability distribution of these two alleles in this plant's gametes if we cross the following? Cross two round and yellow plants with the following features: RrYy x RrYy If you cross a BbDd female cat with a BbDd male where the relationship between allele and phenotype is: BB = black, Bb = Black, bb = brown DD = pointy ears, Dd = pointy ears, dd = round ears, What will the phenotypic ratio will be: A) 3:3:1:3 B) 5:5:5:1 C) 7:4:3:2 D) 9:3:3:1 Do pages 67 & 68 in your study guide (chapter 7.2) Incomplete dominance (mixing traits) Codominance (blood types) 30 January • Multiple Alleles & Codominance • Incomplete Dominance Do pages 67 & 68 in your study guide (chapter 7.2) Incomplete dominance (mixing traits) Codominance (blood types) Multiple Alleles & Codominance This is when there are 4 or more possible phenotypes for a particular trait in the population. This is called "MULTIPLE ALLELES". *** There may be multiple alleles within the population, but individuals have only two of those alleles. ALLELE IA IB i CODES FOR Type "A" Blood Type "B" Blood Type "O" Blood 1) A woman with Type O blood and a man who is Type AB have are expecting a child. What are the possible blood types of the kid? 2) What are the possible blood types of a child who's parents are both heterozygous for "B" blood type? 3) A test was done to determine the biological father of a child. The child's blood Type is A and the mother's is B. Boyfriend #1 has a blood type of O, & boyfriend #2 has blood type AB. Which man is the biological father of this child? Incomplete dominance A cross between a red bird (RR) & a white (WW) bird produces offspring that are pink (RW). The color of the birds is determined by just two alleles. 4) What are the genotypes of the parent birds in the original cross? RR x WW 5) What is/are the genotype(s) of the parents offspring? 6) What would be the phenotypic ratios of offspring produced by two pink birds? 3 February Sex-linked baldness Simple dominant/recessive traits. Freckles FF, Ff, ff XHXh XhY Ff Ff XhY ff Male Mother Father F f F FF Ff f Ff ff Female Male affected Female affected Writing prompt DNA molecules can be tens of thousands of base pairs in length. Mistakes in DNA replication lead to mutations, which may or may not be harmful to an organism. Considering the structure and enzymes present, how does semi-conservative replication help prevent mutations during DNA replication? DNA Replication Protein synthesis Using mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA 4 February Replication, Transcription and Translation a.k.a. The Central Dogma Feature to limit mutation during DNA replication • Semi-conservative replication is where one side of the DNA is used as a template for the construction new strand of DNA. • Complementary base paring. Due to one purine bonding with one pyrimidine. • DNA polymerase attaches the correct bases one at a time to the template ( old strand). • To further guard against mutations, DNA polymerase acts as a proof reading enzyme to fix misplaced bases. RNA carries DNA’s instructions. The central dogma states that information flows in one direction from DNA to RNA to proteins. Replication – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AnyWrHYBOE • Transcription is catalyzed by RNA polymerase. – RNA polymerase and other proteins form a transcription complex. – The transcription complex recognizes the start of a gene and unwinds a segment of it. transcription complex start site nucleotides – RNA polymerase reads one side of the DNA template and strings together a complementary strand of RNA nucleotides. – The DNA helix winds again as the gene is transcribed. DNA – The RNA strand detaches from the DNA once the gene is transcribed. RNA • Translation is the event where mRNA joins with a ribosome (two rRNA subuntis) that works with tRNA to place amino acids in the correct order to form a specific protein, based on the nucleotide sequence in the DNA. • For translation to begin, tRNA binds to a start codon and signals the ribosome to assemble. – A complementary tRNA molecule binds to the exposed codon, bringing its amino acid close to the first amino acid. Amino acids are linked to become a protein. An anticodon is a set of three nucleotides that is complementary to an mRNA codon. An anticodon is carried by a tRNA. Mutations may or may not affect phenotype. Chromosomal mutations tend to have a big effect. Some gene mutations change phenotype. A mutation may cause a premature stop codon. A mutation may change protein shape or the active site. A mutation may change gene regulation. blockage no blockage • Reading frame: series of non-overlapping nucleotides read in order. • A change in the order in which codons are read changes the resulting protein. • Reading frame: series of non-overlapping nucleotides read in order. • A change in the order in which codons are read changes the resulting protein. • Regardless of the organism, codons code for the same amino acid (common language). Important • Mutations in body cells do not affect offspring. • Mutations in sex cells can be harmful or beneficial to offspring. • Natural selection often removes mutant alleles from a population when they are less adaptive. Mutations can be caused by several factors. Replication errors can cause mutations. Mutagens, such as UV ray and chemicals, can cause mutations. Some cancer drugs use mutagenic properties to kill cancer cells. Hemophilia is a condition where males do not have a corresponding allele on their Y chromosome. H X h X XH XH XH XH Xh Y H X Y Xh Y XH Xh X H Xh XH XH XH Y XH Y XH Xh Xh Y Married in 1840 Born in 1889 XH Y Co-Dominance Incomplete Dominance A dihybrid cross involves two traits. Mendel’s dihybrid crosses with heterozygous plants yielded a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. • Mendel’s dihybrid crosses led to his second law, the law of independent assortment. • The law of independent assortment states that allele pairs separate independently of each other during meiosis. Prokaryotic cells turn genes on and off by controlling transcription. A promotor is a DNA segment that allows a gene to be transcribed. An operator is a part of DNA that turns a gene “on” or ”off.” An operon includes a promoter, an operator, and one or more structural genes that code for all the proteins needed to do a job. Operons are most common in prokaryotes. The lac operon was one of the first examples of gene regulation to be discovered. The lac operon has three genes that code for enzymes that break down lactose. Students will: Chapter 8 • Explain why the genetic code is common to all organisms • Explain why there are similarities in the genetic code of different animals • Describe the basic process of replication • Demonstrate the process of DNA replication given a strand of DNA • Be able to predict changes in amino acid sequence due to the different types of mutations • Explain how mutations in gametes may result in phenotypic changes in offspring • Describe the basic processes of transcription and translation Which of the following statements is true about DNA? A. It is made up of twenty different nucleotides B. It is a helix made up of two complementary strands C. The sugar-phosphate backbone stores the genetic message D. The nucleotides must fall apart for replication to occur Genes are segments of DNA that code for polypeptides, or proteins. The order of amino acids in the polypeptide chain is determined by… A. The order of nucleotides in the ribosome B. The relative abundance of different types of RNA C. The order of nucleotides in the gene D. The relative abundance of different types of amino acids Which of the following statements is true of homologous chromosomes? A. They are exact copies. B. They contain the same genes. C. They divide during meiosis II. D. They connect to each other. An investigator discovers that some mice have a mutation in a gene that codes for a particular protein, yet the protein is identical to that found in mice without the mutation. What is the mostly likely explanation for this phenomenon? A. The mutation occurred within a coding region of the gene B. The mutation caused an intron not to be spliced out of the RNA sequence C. The mutation resulted in a codon that codes for the same amino acid D. The mutation is not recognized by the cell’s translation machinery What is the three nucleotide sequence that identifies an amino acid called A karyotype is the made up of ? Know how to make a complementary strand of DNA and RNA when given a nucleotide sequence: AGCGCATAGCAA What is apoptosis? If an organism has 40 chromosomes, what is its haploid condition? Your body cells are ________ and your gametes are ___________. During which phase of the cell cycle does cell growth occur? DNA is composed of how many different kinds of nucleotides? What is the difference between transcription and translation? Where does transcription and translation occur? What is replication? What is the central dogma of gene expression? What is tRNA? How do each of the three types of RNA differ? Will the mRNA codon sequence UUA CCC GGG GGU AAU produce a different polypeptide chain than CUG CCG GGC GGC AAA? How many autosomes does a human have? What are carcinogens? What is the monomer of DNA called? Test taking advice: Relax – A calm demeanor and positive thoughts will serve you better than stressing over the test. Be happy when you study. Do anything that makes you happy. If you are unhappy you won’t remember much. Think of tests as a challenge to show how great you are, not as torture to show what you don’t know. Define the following: Sex Linked Trait – Polygenic Inheritance – the kind of inheritance in which the trait is produced from the cumulative effects of many genes in contrast to monogenic inheritance wherein the trait results from the expression of one gene (or one gene pair). In humans, height, weight, and skin color are examples of polygenic inheritance, which does not follow a Mendelian pattern of inheritance. Law of Independent Assortment – Law of Segregation – Mendel laid the groundwork for genetics. Traits are distinguishing characteristics that are inherited. Genetics is the study of biological inheritance patterns and variation. Gregor Mendel showed that traits are inherited as discrete units. Many in Mendel’s day thought traits were blended. Mendel’s data revealed patterns of inheritance. Mendel made three key decisions in his experiments. use of purebred plants control over breeding observation of seven “either-or” traits • Mendel drew three important conclusions. – Traits are inherited as discrete units. – The last two conclusions are called the law of segregation. – Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent. – The two copies segregate during gamete formation. purple white Punnett squares illustrate genetic crosses. The Punnett square is a grid system for predicting all possible genotypes resulting from a cross. The axes represent the possible gametes of each parent. The boxes show the possible genotypes of the offspring. • The Punnett square yields the ratio of possible genotypes and phenotypes. If you cross a tall plant (T ) with a short plant (tt) what will be the potential ratio of offspring? Hitchhiker's thumb (H) is dominant to no hitchhiker's thumb (h). A woman who does not have hitchhiker's thumb marries a man who is heterozygous for hitchhiker's thumb. What is the probable genotypic ratio of their children? A. 0% Hh: 100% hh B. 50% Hh: 50% hh C. 75% Hh: 25% hh D. 100% Hh: 0% hh H h h Hh hh h Hh hh Hitchhiker's thumb (H) is dominant to no hitchhiker's thumb (h). A woman who does not have hitchhiker's thumb marries a man who is heterozygous for hitchhiker's thumb. What is the probable genotypic ratio of their children? A. 0% Hh: 100% hh B. 50% Hh: 50% hh C. 75% Hh: 25% hh D. 100% Hh: 0% hh H h h Hh hh h Hh hh One of the parents of a child has phenylketonuria (PKU), which is caused by recessive alleles. The other parent does not have the PKU alleles. What is the chance that the couple will have a child with phenylketonuria? A. 0% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100% a a A Aa Aa A Aa Aa One of the parents of a child has phenylketonuria (PKU), which is caused by recessive alleles. The other parent does not have the PKU alleles. What is the chance that the couple will have a child with phenylketonuria? A. 0% B. 50% C. 75% D. 100% a a A Aa Aa A Aa Aa Pedigree Female Male XH XH XHXH Xh XHXh Y Her father would have been Xh Y XH Y XH Y Xh Y 50% XHX h 50% A. Each of their sons will have hemophilia. B. None of their daughters will have hemophilia. C. Their sons have a 25% chance of having hemophilia. D. There is a 50% chance that their daughters will have hemophilia. Which of the following describes the probability of hemophilia in the offspring of a man who does not have hemophilia and a woman whose father is a hemophiliac? XH XH XHXH Xh XHXh Y Her father would have been Xh Y XH Y XH Y Xh Y 50% XHX h 0% A. Each of their sons will have hemophilia. B. None of their daughters will have hemophilia. C. Their sons have a 25% chance of having hemophilia. D. There is a 50% chance that their daughters will have hemophilia. Which of the following describes the probability of hemophilia in the offspring of a man who does not have hemophilia and a woman whose father is a hemophiliac? Can we know the genotypes and phenotypes of B and E? 1) 2) 3) Alleles for the A and B blood cells are codominant. Which set of parents can most likely produce a child with type O blood? A. one parent with type AB blood, and the other parent with type A blood B. one parent with type AB blood and the other parent with type O blood C. one parent with heterozygous type A blood, and the other parent with type O blood D. one parent with homozygous type A blood, and the other parent with homozygous type B blood 4) What are enzymes that cut DNA molecules in specific locations are called? a) Splicers b) Gel electrophoresis c) Introns d) Restriction enzymes 5) The process by which fragments of DNA are separated by an electric current is called.. a) Splicers b) Gel electrophoresis c) Introns d) Restriction enzymes 6) The process by which sections of DNA are copied is called … a) Polymerase chain reaction b) Gel electrophoresis c) Exons d) Reactions agents 7) A short segment of DNA that is used to identify the starting point during PCR is called a.. a) Splicers b) Primer c) Introns d) Restriction enzymes A A What are “A” and “B” called? 8) A are ___________________________ 9) B are____________________________ B 10) What does Mendel’s ‘first’ law of segregation basically say? 11) Sex linked traits involved autosomal chromosomes. Yes or No 12) Incomplete dominance is where the heterozygous condition is a blending of two phenotypes Yes or No 13) What percentage of phenotypes will a child have if the parents have AB and O blood? 14) When traits are produced by two or more genes it is called which of the following? a) excitation b) monohybrid trait c) hybrid cross d) polygenic trait