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7th Grade Study Guide for Chapter 12 Know what DNA stands for: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Know the structure of DNA: double helix Know the 4 bases used in DNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine Know what molecules make the rungs and ladder of DNA: Ladder: phosphate and sugar molecule Rungs: adenine, thymine, cytosine, quinine Know the definition of DNA replication Know the definition of protein synthesis Know what proteins are made of: amino acids Know what RNA stands for: Ribonucleic Acid Know the function of messenger RNA Know the function of transfer RNA Know the protein synthesis flow chart Know how to form the complimentary DNA and RNA strand