PCR and qPCR product guide
... (Taq)4. This polymerase could withstand the high temperatures required during the denaturation and extension steps of PCR, and thus fresh enzyme was not required during each cycle. Taq polymerase was commercialized in the late 1980s, spurring a boom in PCR and ultimately becoming Science magazine’s ...
... (Taq)4. This polymerase could withstand the high temperatures required during the denaturation and extension steps of PCR, and thus fresh enzyme was not required during each cycle. Taq polymerase was commercialized in the late 1980s, spurring a boom in PCR and ultimately becoming Science magazine’s ...
Peptide nucleic acids 2
... Peptide nucleic acids were first described by Nielsen et al. in 1991.12 It was shown that replacement of the natural deoxyribose phosphate backbone of DNA by repeating N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine units with the ...
... Peptide nucleic acids were first described by Nielsen et al. in 1991.12 It was shown that replacement of the natural deoxyribose phosphate backbone of DNA by repeating N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine units with the ...
PO 4 - is234
... of all cells in all living organisms DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells The kind of cell which is formed, (muscle, blood, nerve etc) is controlled by DNA The kind of organism which is produced (buttercup, giraffe, herring, human etc) is controlled by DNA ...
... of all cells in all living organisms DNA controls all the chemical changes which take place in cells The kind of cell which is formed, (muscle, blood, nerve etc) is controlled by DNA The kind of organism which is produced (buttercup, giraffe, herring, human etc) is controlled by DNA ...
PO 4
... 1. the DNA strands unwind and separate 2.Each strand makes a new partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides 3.there are now two double-stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus 4.when the cell divides, each nucleus contains identical DNA ...
... 1. the DNA strands unwind and separate 2.Each strand makes a new partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides 3.there are now two double-stranded DNA molecules in the nucleus 4.when the cell divides, each nucleus contains identical DNA ...
Redesign of the monomer–monomer interface of Cre recombinase
... The quaternary structure of the Cre complex creates a second challenge for engineering novel RT specificities. The four-fold symmetry in the functional protein complex imposes a pseudo-palindromic symmetry upon the RT site. The loxP site consists of two 13 bp palindromic half-sites separated by an a ...
... The quaternary structure of the Cre complex creates a second challenge for engineering novel RT specificities. The four-fold symmetry in the functional protein complex imposes a pseudo-palindromic symmetry upon the RT site. The loxP site consists of two 13 bp palindromic half-sites separated by an a ...
SURVEY AND SUMMARY New insights into Hoogsteen base pairs
... neighboring bps and, surprisingly, a small but significant degree of DNA bending (∼14◦ ) directed toward the major groove. The survey provides insights into the preferences and structural consequences of HG bps in duplex DNA. INTRODUCTION Hoogsteen (HG) base pairs (bps) were discovered in 1959 when ...
... neighboring bps and, surprisingly, a small but significant degree of DNA bending (∼14◦ ) directed toward the major groove. The survey provides insights into the preferences and structural consequences of HG bps in duplex DNA. INTRODUCTION Hoogsteen (HG) base pairs (bps) were discovered in 1959 when ...
Human DNA Ligase IV and the Ligase IV/XRCC4 Complex: Analysis
... NHEJ and the order in which these activities are utilized were previously surmised. Importantly, though a particular cell type will typically repair a given set of termini preferentially using one route of NHEJ, multiple NHEJ routes are often used. Moreover, each route can yield an array of products ...
... NHEJ and the order in which these activities are utilized were previously surmised. Importantly, though a particular cell type will typically repair a given set of termini preferentially using one route of NHEJ, multiple NHEJ routes are often used. Moreover, each route can yield an array of products ...
microencapsula tion of dna within cross
... homogenized in the chitosan solution for approximately 20 minutes to obtain a uniform suspension. 5% (w/v) carbonyl iron powder (GAF) was then added to the suspension. The organic phase consisted of 50 .ml sunflower oil (Sun Oueen) with 2% (v/v) Span 85 (Atkemix, Orantford, Ont.) as the emulsifier. ...
... homogenized in the chitosan solution for approximately 20 minutes to obtain a uniform suspension. 5% (w/v) carbonyl iron powder (GAF) was then added to the suspension. The organic phase consisted of 50 .ml sunflower oil (Sun Oueen) with 2% (v/v) Span 85 (Atkemix, Orantford, Ont.) as the emulsifier. ...
Non-homologous end-joining partners in a helical dance: structural
... stabilizing DNA ligase IV at DSBs in NHEJ DNA DSBs (double-strand breaks) can be caused by ionizing radiation or toxic chemical exposure, but are also present as intermediates in V(D)J recombination and class switch recombination for antigen receptor diversity formation. Unrepaired DSBs lead to chro ...
... stabilizing DNA ligase IV at DSBs in NHEJ DNA DSBs (double-strand breaks) can be caused by ionizing radiation or toxic chemical exposure, but are also present as intermediates in V(D)J recombination and class switch recombination for antigen receptor diversity formation. Unrepaired DSBs lead to chro ...
quantitation of male and female dna in mixed biological samples
... and a Y chromosome from their father and therefore males carry the XY genotype. Normal females receive an X chromosome from their mother and the other X chromosome from their father and are genotypically XX (Butler, 2005) (Figure 1). ...
... and a Y chromosome from their father and therefore males carry the XY genotype. Normal females receive an X chromosome from their mother and the other X chromosome from their father and are genotypically XX (Butler, 2005) (Figure 1). ...
An Introduction to Peptide Nucleic Acid
... the same configuration. The field of life science realized early on the important implications of these traits. If specific, single strands of DNA could be synthesized, then the base sequences of genes could be studied and manipulated using these defined molecules. With the advent of efficient chemi ...
... the same configuration. The field of life science realized early on the important implications of these traits. If specific, single strands of DNA could be synthesized, then the base sequences of genes could be studied and manipulated using these defined molecules. With the advent of efficient chemi ...
CC 1 070-71..8171c ose chapter .. Page70
... ionic/groove recognition and an intercalating moiety, new classes of molecules with high triplex affinity can be identified. A pyrene–neomycin conjugate has therefore been synthesized by forming an amide linkage between neomycin B and 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Fig. 1). We repo ...
... ionic/groove recognition and an intercalating moiety, new classes of molecules with high triplex affinity can be identified. A pyrene–neomycin conjugate has therefore been synthesized by forming an amide linkage between neomycin B and 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Fig. 1). We repo ...
Chromosome Dynamics in Meiotic Prophase I in
... form a canonical bouquet although its telomeres are clustered at the edge of the nucleolus from G2 to early leptotene [Armstrong et al., 2001; Roberts et al., 2009]. Later during zygotene Arabidopsis telomeres also show a transient loose association within one hemisphere of the nucleus [Roberts et a ...
... form a canonical bouquet although its telomeres are clustered at the edge of the nucleolus from G2 to early leptotene [Armstrong et al., 2001; Roberts et al., 2009]. Later during zygotene Arabidopsis telomeres also show a transient loose association within one hemisphere of the nucleus [Roberts et a ...
Document
... • Adenine must pair with Thymine • Guanine must pair with Cytosine • Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same. ...
... • Adenine must pair with Thymine • Guanine must pair with Cytosine • Their amounts in a given DNA molecule will be about the same. ...
Switching between polymerase and exonuclease sites in DNA
... stranded DNA). The recently solved crystal structure of the catalytic domain of Pol2 (Pol2core (aa 1–1228)) revealed that Pol ε lacks the extended -hairpin loop found in most other B-family DNA polymerases that has been proposed to interact with the template DNA and to function as a wedge by breaki ...
... stranded DNA). The recently solved crystal structure of the catalytic domain of Pol2 (Pol2core (aa 1–1228)) revealed that Pol ε lacks the extended -hairpin loop found in most other B-family DNA polymerases that has been proposed to interact with the template DNA and to function as a wedge by breaki ...
DNA-mediated transformation of the filamentous fungusAspergillus
... In diploid nuclei mitotic crossing-over may occur, however its frequency is low and consequently, following haploidization, in general not more than one cross-over event is detected in about 200 haploids (Pontecorvo and Käfer 1958). The alternation of haploid and diploid stages in the absence of mei ...
... In diploid nuclei mitotic crossing-over may occur, however its frequency is low and consequently, following haploidization, in general not more than one cross-over event is detected in about 200 haploids (Pontecorvo and Käfer 1958). The alternation of haploid and diploid stages in the absence of mei ...
Functional Analysis of Maize RAD51 in Meiosis and
... functions in meiotic crossovers. Rates of meiotic crossovers decrease substantially as compared to wild type only when both proteins are eliminated (Shinohara et al. 1997; Grishchuk and Kohli 2003). RAD51 homologs have been cloned from several plant species (Terasawa et al. 1995; Doutriaux et al. 19 ...
... functions in meiotic crossovers. Rates of meiotic crossovers decrease substantially as compared to wild type only when both proteins are eliminated (Shinohara et al. 1997; Grishchuk and Kohli 2003). RAD51 homologs have been cloned from several plant species (Terasawa et al. 1995; Doutriaux et al. 19 ...
Document
... A group of three bases (a triplet) controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell The different amino acids and the order in which they are joined up determines the sort of protein being produced ...
... A group of three bases (a triplet) controls the production of a particular amino acid in the cytoplasm of the cell The different amino acids and the order in which they are joined up determines the sort of protein being produced ...
Phylogenomics of type II DNA topoisomerases
... number, Lk) between the two DNA strands, DNA topoisomerases catalyse the crossing of single- or double-strand DNA molecules via the formation of transient single- or doublestrand breaks. These breaks are characterised by a phosphotyrosine bond either at the 30 end or the 50 end of the broken DNA str ...
... number, Lk) between the two DNA strands, DNA topoisomerases catalyse the crossing of single- or double-strand DNA molecules via the formation of transient single- or doublestrand breaks. These breaks are characterised by a phosphotyrosine bond either at the 30 end or the 50 end of the broken DNA str ...
DNA PPT - Alevelsolutions
... Replication of DNA occurs (a) During cell division (b) before cell division ...
... Replication of DNA occurs (a) During cell division (b) before cell division ...
Chapter 22: SV40 and Polyomavirus DNA Replication
... viral DNA replication. The extent to which auxiliary elements enhance DNA replication differs between SV40 and PyV: SV40 DNA replication is stimulated 5- to 25-fold by these elements, whereas PyV DNA replication is enhanced between 100- and 1000-fold (Hassell et al. 1986). The ori-core of each virus ...
... viral DNA replication. The extent to which auxiliary elements enhance DNA replication differs between SV40 and PyV: SV40 DNA replication is stimulated 5- to 25-fold by these elements, whereas PyV DNA replication is enhanced between 100- and 1000-fold (Hassell et al. 1986). The ori-core of each virus ...
Studies on Polynucleotides
... of t3H]dCTP alone and of [3H]dCTP in the presence of [3H]dATP. The two deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates used had equal specific activity. It can be seen that about 1.8 moles of dCMP were incorporated per mole of the template when only [3H]dCTP was present. When 1 In some experiments using the 1 str ...
... of t3H]dCTP alone and of [3H]dCTP in the presence of [3H]dATP. The two deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates used had equal specific activity. It can be seen that about 1.8 moles of dCMP were incorporated per mole of the template when only [3H]dCTP was present. When 1 In some experiments using the 1 str ...
The Parasexual Cycle in Candida albicans Provides an
... clinical isolates are also consistent with C. albicans strains undergoing genetic exchange in their natural environment, albeit at a limited rate [13]. While an efficient mating apparatus has now been identified in C. albicans, the mating cycle differs in several important respects from that of S. cer ...
... clinical isolates are also consistent with C. albicans strains undergoing genetic exchange in their natural environment, albeit at a limited rate [13]. While an efficient mating apparatus has now been identified in C. albicans, the mating cycle differs in several important respects from that of S. cer ...
Forche et al. 2008 PLoS Biology
... clinical isolates are also consistent with C. albicans strains undergoing genetic exchange in their natural environment, albeit at a limited rate [13]. While an efficient mating apparatus has now been identified in C. albicans, the mating cycle differs in several important respects from that of S. cer ...
... clinical isolates are also consistent with C. albicans strains undergoing genetic exchange in their natural environment, albeit at a limited rate [13]. While an efficient mating apparatus has now been identified in C. albicans, the mating cycle differs in several important respects from that of S. cer ...
Poly ADP-ribosylation: a histone shuttle mechanism in DNA excision
... histone-DNA complexes are formed only after all polymer binding sites are saturated. The branching points of ADP-ribose polymers turned out to be the sites with highest binding affinities for histones, as detected by nuclease protection analysis (Realini and Althaus, 1992; Althaus et al., 1992). Lik ...
... histone-DNA complexes are formed only after all polymer binding sites are saturated. The branching points of ADP-ribose polymers turned out to be the sites with highest binding affinities for histones, as detected by nuclease protection analysis (Realini and Althaus, 1992; Althaus et al., 1992). Lik ...
Homologous recombination
Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide sequences are exchanged between two similar or identical molecules of DNA. It is most widely used by cells to accurately repair harmful breaks that occur on both strands of DNA, known as double-strand breaks. Homologous recombination also produces new combinations of DNA sequences during meiosis, the process by which eukaryotes make gamete cells, like sperm and egg cells in animals. These new combinations of DNA represent genetic variation in offspring, which in turn enables populations to adapt during the course of evolution. Homologous recombination is also used in horizontal gene transfer to exchange genetic material between different strains and species of bacteria and viruses.Although homologous recombination varies widely among different organisms and cell types, most forms involve the same basic steps. After a double-strand break occurs, sections of DNA around the 5' ends of the break are cut away in a process called resection. In the strand invasion step that follows, an overhanging 3' end of the broken DNA molecule then ""invades"" a similar or identical DNA molecule that is not broken. After strand invasion, the further sequence of events may follow either of two main pathways discussed below (see Models); the DSBR (double-strand break repair) pathway or the SDSA (synthesis-dependent strand annealing) pathway. Homologous recombination that occurs during DNA repair tends to result in non-crossover products, in effect restoring the damaged DNA molecule as it existed before the double-strand break.Homologous recombination is conserved across all three domains of life as well as viruses, suggesting that it is a nearly universal biological mechanism. The discovery of genes for homologous recombination in protists—a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms—has been interpreted as evidence that meiosis emerged early in the evolution of eukaryotes. Since their dysfunction has been strongly associated with increased susceptibility to several types of cancer, the proteins that facilitate homologous recombination are topics of active research. Homologous recombination is also used in gene targeting, a technique for introducing genetic changes into target organisms. For their development of this technique, Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans and Oliver Smithies were awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.