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DNA Chapter 10 – Ms. Colabelli DNA Holds our genetic information Like a library Important for mitosis to occur Biologists had to discover the chemical nature of DNA to determine that it is responsible for our genetic information Griffith and Transformation Transformation: when a strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another bacteria Experiment Inject mice with bacteria S.pneumoniae Smooth colonies = virulent (disease causing) Rough colonies = harmless bacteria Griffith and Transformation If the virulent colonies were killed with heat & mixed with harmless bacteria, the harmless bacteria get transformed into virulent bacteria Some factor of the harmless bacteria was transformed to become virulent http://www.quia.com/files/quia/users/hlrbiology/Animations/08_DNA_and_Proteins/Griffith_Mouse_Experiment.swf Avery and DNA Wanted to repeat Griffith’s experiment Treated heat killed virulent bacteria with enzymes Used two enzymes that destroyed proteins, and RNA Another enzyme destroyed ONLY DNA (nucleic acids) Lethal Virus Avery and DNA Results Results: bacteria treated Lethal Virus with DNA destroying enzyme did not transform harmless bacteria into virulent bacteria It must be the DNA that stores the genetic information from one generation to the next Lethal Lethal Non Lethal Hershey-Chase Bacteriophage: a virus that infects bacteria ONLY Scientists wanted to see what gets injected into a bacteria to cause infection Used a radioactive marker DNA and protein Hershey Chase Results After infection, the bacteria that had radioactive marker on DNA showed that it is the DNA that is inserted into the bacteria Results: genetic material of the bacteriophage was DNA and not protein http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter14/animations.html# DNA Structure Rosalind Franklin Scientist that worked with X-ray diffraction Used X-rays on a portion of DNA and the results showed an X pattern DNA Structure Watson & Crick Scientists that were able to figure out what Rosalind’s X-ray pattern meant Result: DNA has a double helix pattern where the nitrogenous bases face each other in the middle DNA Structure DNA has a double helix pattern The sides of the ladder are the sugar and phosphate Rungs of the ladder are the nitrogenous bases paired up The bond between two nitrogenous bases is a hydrogen bond DNA Structure Backbone of DNA is the sugar and phosphate Nitrogenous bases stick out of side to form latter rungs These bases are repeated in a pattern that form our genetic code DNA Structure Monomer of DNA is a nucleotide Phosphorous group 5-carbon sugar Nitrogenous base 4 Nitrogenous bases in DNA Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine DNA Structure Chargaff’s Rule Scientist that discovered a peculiar trend between the 4 bases Same percentage of Adenine as Thymine Same percentage of Guanine as Cytosine Adenine binds to Thymine Guanine binds to Cytosine DNA Replication Process by which DNA is copied in a cell before division Each strand of DNA is needed to be a template for a new strand of DNA to be produced Since you can use one strand to make the other side, they are said to be complementary Replicating DNA Step 1: DNA molecules separates into two strands with help from enzyme named helicase Breaks hydrogen bonds between bases Creates a replication fork Replicating DNA Step 2: Enzyme named DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides to other side of template strand This forms new hydrogen bonds DNA Polymerase can only move in one direction (3’-5’) so you have one strand that leads and one that lags To join the gaps between lagging strands and enzyme (ligase) come and binds them Replicating DNA Step 3: Once the DNA is replicated, the DNA polymerase releases http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdDkiRw1PdU How Replication Occurs Enzymes help make new strands of DNA Helicase “unzips” the DNA, separating the base pairs DNA polymerase adds new bases to pair up with the template This enzyme also proofreads to make sure everything matches What would be the matching bases to the part of DNA shown below? Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Long rod shaped chromosomes Replication starts in certain points on the chromosome Try to be as effective and time efficient Prokaryotes Circular chromosome Replication begins in one place Ends once the DNA polymerase meets its starting point Very fast Protein Synthesis Two parts process to make a protein from a segment of DNA Part one: Transcription DNA RNA Part two: Translation RNA Protein RNA Made of nucleotides Three differences between DNA & RNA Sugar DNA = deoxyribose sugar RNA = ribose sugar RNA is single stranded RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine to bond with Adenine RNA Three types of RNA mRNA Messenger RNA rRNA Ribosomal RNA tRNA Transfer RNA RNA Messenger RNA This is a copy of complimentary strand of DNA Eventually will code for a protein to be made RNA Ribosomal RNA RNA found in ribosomes (organelles in the cell) RNA Transfer RNA Help produce a protein from mRNA Brings amino acids (monomer of protein) to ribosome to bond them together and make a whole protein Transcription Taking DNA and making an RNA copy Step 1: RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and unwinds the strands Step 2: RNA polymerase adds free RNA nucleotides that are complimentary to DNA strands Once this is made it is called pre-mRNA Step 3: RNA polymerase reaches a termination signal and releases http://www.zerobio.com/drag_oa/protein/overview.htm RNA Editing Pre-mRNA is a rough draft to the final copy of mRNA Some parts of pre-mRNA are not needed to make a certain protein These unnecessary parts are called introns Introns get cut out of pre-mRNA Before leaving the nucleus, mRNA needs to get a 5’ cap and poly A tail to finalize the RNA strand The Genetic Code Proteins are made of amino acids There are 20 amino acids In order to make a protein from a strand of mRNA, the mRNA is read in a 3 letter sequence called codons The Genetic Code Each three letter codon represents an amino acid DNA = AGCGTGCCAATT RNA = UCG-CAC-GGU-UAA Amino acids = Ser-His-Gly-STOP The Genetic Code Each three letter codon represents an amino acid DNA = TACCGTCCGGTCATC RNA = AUG-GCA-GGC-CAG-UAG Amino acids = Met-Ala-Gly-Gln-STOP http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/transcribe/ Translation Taking mRNA and making a protein Occurs in the cytoplasm on a ribosome Step 1: 2 ribosomal subunits bind to mRNA and a tRNA molecule. The tRNA molecule matches to the codon of the mRNA sequence The first amino acid is always Methionine If mRNA = AUG, then tRNA = UAC The tRNA has the anti-codon Translation Step 2-3: As tRNA brings new amino acids to the ribosome, past ones break off leaving just amino acids bonded to each other Step 4: This continues until one of the three STOP codons is met Step 5: ribosomal units break down and the amino acid strand goes through protein folding http://www.zerobio.com/drag_oa/protein/translation.htm The Human Genome The entire genome sequence of a human 3.2 billion base pairs in our 23 chromosomes We now need to learn what each of these sequences code for This will help with curing diseases and prevention of others http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TCsWBMMXewE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F5LzKupeHtw